Conflict

Question 1

How did the Nazis warp archaeology?

Answer 1

• Ahnenerbe, led mission to reveal proof of the Aryan race
• artificially constructed a people before written histories

Question 2

How has the economy impacted Mongolian archaeology?

Answer 2

• poor, corrupt government, desperate rural sector
• An understanding of Mongolian past may contribute to some of their contemporary issues
• ex. negdel - hierarchical collectives of herders

Question 3

What is the Hague Convention?

Answer 3

• UNESCO 1954 - protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict
• directly connected to the ICC - “an attack on an essential interest of the entire international community”

Question 4

How did the 2003 US invasion of Iraq impact cultural heritage

Answer 4

• looters followed troops going after sites and museums, with armed protection
• some objects completely disappeared, others destroyed
• troops now trained in the importance and protection of cultural heritage

Question 5

How did the Syrian Civil war, 2011-2024, impact cultural heritage?

Answer 5

• ISIS would deliberately attack UNESCO sites
• aug-oct 2015 systematic destruction of Palmyra
• public execution of Khaled al-Assad, who protected the site

Question 6

How has the Russian Invasion of Ukraine, 2022-present, impact cultural heritage?

Answer 6

• claims of cultural genocide (deliberate attacks)
• UNESCO verified damage to 509 sites
  -Blue shield sites attacked

Question 7

How has the Arab Spring, Egypt 2011 impacted cultural heritage?

Answer 7

• authorities diverted from the National Museum to patrol clashing protestors
• Citizens formed a human chain and enlisted army water cannons
• there was a break in, but the Tut artifacts were returned

Question 8

What is the importance of Blue Shield?

Answer 8

• arose directly from the Hague convention, written directly into ICC policy
• easily visible symbol to assert cultural importance and should be avoided in war

Question 9

How are people outside of conflict zones made aware of and fight illicit trade

Answer 9

• The ICOM red list details all at risk artifacts in any place of conflict

Question 10

How can people outside conflict zones preserve heritage?

Answer 10

-ICOMOS - international council on monuments and sites, consulted by UNESCO on preservation measures
- Forensic Architecture - investigations - Gaza chapters
- Backup-Ukraine - 3D image catalogue
- Coalitions