Consumption & Mutualism

Question 1

herbivory

Answer 1

practice of eating plant tissues

(ie) caterpillars chew leaves
(ie) marine iguanas feed on algae

Question 2

parasitism

Answer 2

symbiotic relationship btwn 2 orgs that is beneficial to one org (parasite) but detrimental to other (host)

• often occurs over long period
• not necessarily fatal
• parasites = smaller than host
• social parasite -> convince otro specie to raise their young

(ie) worms, ticks, mites & unicellular protists -> humans

Question 3

host

Answer 3

individual invaded by an org such as parasite or a virus

- provides habitat or resources to a commensal org

Question 4

predation

Answer 4

predator kills & eats prey

Question 5

constitutive defense

Answer 5

defensive trait that is always manifested even in the absence of a predator or pathogen

• aka standing defense
• present even in absence of predator

(ie) mimicry
(ie) cryptic coloration – blend in w/ environment
(ie) escape behavior – have adaptations to detect predators  run/fly/swim/jump aways
(ie) toxins & otro defense chemicals
(ie) schooling/flocking  predators confused by groups of prey
(ie) defense armor / weapons  protective shells, sharp spines, etc.

Question 6

mimicry

Answer 6

phenomenon in which one species has evolved or learns to look or sound like another species
- Batesian or Mullerian

Question 7

Batesian mimicry

Answer 7

HARMLESS or palatable species resembles a dangerous or poisonous species
- look dangerous, not dangerous

(ie) hornet moth, wasp beetle & hoverfly look like bees & wasps

Question 8

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 8

HARMFUL species resemble each other

• similar-looking unpleasant prey live in same habitat -> increases predator avoidance
• look dangerous, are dangerous

(ie) paper wasp, bumblebee & honeybee

Question 9

inducible defenses

Answer 9

defensive trait manifested in response to presence of a consumer (predator or herbivore) or pathogen

• effective but expensive
• declines if predator leaves habitat
• energetically efficient
• slow, takes time to produce them

(ie) porcupine quills

Question 10

meta-analysis

Answer 10

compare results of analyses from previously published studies
- study of studies

Question 11

integrated pest management

Answer 11

(agriculture or forestry) systems for managing insects or other pests

• carefully controlled applications of toxins
• introduce species that prey on pests
• planting schemes that reduce chance of a severe pest outbreak
• maximize crop & forest production, using min. of insecticides or otro harmful compounds

Question 12

types of consumption

Answer 12

(1) herbivory
(2) parasitism
(3) predation

Question 13

“why is the world green” hypotheses

Answer 13

(1) top-down hypothesis

(2) bottom-up limitation hypothesis

Question 14

top-down hypothesis

Answer 14

herbivore populations limited by predation & disease

• reflects herbivore’s on food chain
• predators remove herbivores, plant material leftover

Question 15

bottom-up limitation hypothesis

Answer 15

plant tissues offer poor nutrition & are well defended

• reflects plant’s position on food chain
• herbivore numbers limited b/c plant tissues contain toxic chemicals & poor nutrients