1
Q
what is persons?
A
Every person is a unique individual who develops in a social and environmental setting in which he or she is influenced by, and interacts with, other persons and groups.
2
Q
what is society?
A
Society is made up of people, groups, networks, institutions, organisations and systems.
3
Q
what is culture?
A
Culture refers to the shared knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that give each society its coherence, identity and distinctive way of life.
4
Q
what is environment?
A
Every society is located in a particular physical setting and interacts with its environment.
5
Q
what is time?
A
Every person, society, culture and environment is located in a period of time and is changing with time. Time can be examined as past, present and future.
6
Q
what is power?
A
Power is the ability or capacity to influence or persuade others to a point of view or action to which they may not always agree.
7
Q
what is authority?
A
Authority is linked to power and the right to make decisions and to determine, adjudicate or settle issues and disputes in society. Authority is best understood as the legitimate use of power.
8
Q
what is gender?
A
Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between females and males.
9
Q
what is identity?
A
Identity refers to the sense of self and can be viewed from a personal, social and cultural level.
10
Q
what is technologies?
A
The term ‘technologies’ refers to all the tools that we use to assist our interactions in society.
11
Q
what is globalisation?
A
Globalisation is the process of integration and sharing of goods, capital, labour, services, knowledge, leisure, sport, ideas and culture between countries.
12
Q
what is qualitative research + examples?
A
- typically open ended questions, allowing for ore in depth quality of information
- aims to gather non-numerical data to gain understanding into individual’s social reality
e.g. interviews, focus groups, personal reflection
13
Q
what are 2 characteristics of qualitative research?
A
- relies heavily on the researchers interpretive skills to understand the findings
- it usually consists of a small sample and is not randomly selected
14
Q
what is quantitative research + examples?
A
- collecting and analysing numerical data
- focuses on quantifying the collection and analysis of data
e.g. questionnaire, observation, and statistical analysis
15
Q
what are 2 characteristics of quantitative research?
A
- typically close-ended questions resulting in numerical data
- because it is structured in nature and has a large sample size, it tends to produce more reliable outcomes.
16
Q
what are characteristics of ethical research?
A
- information collected will be used responsibly and treated with respect and confidentiality
- participants must be fully informed about any risks involved, giving their consent
- not talking about sensitive topics, or making participants uncomfortable
- researcher is open and honest about the topic, and the scope of the project, as well as the nature of information expected from them.
right to confidentiality and privacy.
17
Q
what are beliefs?
A
Set of opinions or convictions; ideas we believe in as the truth
18
Q
what is continuity?
A
persistence or consistency of the existence of cultural elements in a society across time
19
Q
what is change?
A
alteration or modification of cultural elements in society
20
Q
what is westernisation?
A
the process of aspects of western culture being spread around the world
e.g. women’s rights, education systems, social expectations like women working outside the home, media and entertainment, and journalism
21
Q
what is modernisation?
A
- the process of dynamic social change resulting from the adoption of characteristics of ‘more advanced’ societies by ‘less advanced’ societies
- the change from traditional to modern societies
- happens because of demands for independent societies
e.g. infrastructure, urban development, governments, education, medicine, media, agriculture, and women’s rights.
22
Q
what are some features of primary research?
A
- original information, collected by the researcher
- can be qualitative or quantitative
- direct interaction with research subjects + sources
eg. surveys, interviews, and observations
23
Q
what are some features of secondary research?
A
- collecting existing information, this is used to gather background information
- uses pre-existing data
- systematic review of data that exists
e.g. statistical analysis, literature review, and content analysis
24
Q
why is change a complex process?
A
- it is multi-directional and not uni-linear
- social change is complex because everything changes all the time
- no single theory can account for the diversity of human social development
- changes in values and beliefs can bring social movement, as it allows revision of current rules within society.
- social change affects social processes, social patterns, and social interactions.
25
what is evolutionary change?
- Evolutionary change describes incremental changes that accumulate over a long period of time to alter society on a large scale.
- Change is gradual, continuous, and non-reversable.
26
what is transformative change?
- Dramatic and rapid change taking place over a shorter time frame.
- Transformative change is profound and permanent.
- involves a significant break with the past, and occurs at multiple levels of society
27
what is resistance to change
Resistance to change is a way to fight back against the impacts and implications of change for individuals and groups within society
Resistance to change also demonstrates the complexity of change – that changes that are beneficial for some, can be perceived as a threat by others – and can be waged across the micro, meso and macro levels of society
28
what is structural change in society
Structural change refers to changes that occur across both social and political institutions.
Impacted by globalisation, modernisation and westernisation. Structural change can bring about dramatic society and social change is without beginning or end - continuously impacting our way of life.
Structural change impacts the economy and social and political institutions (ie. policies, processes and procedures) establish a new context for an individual and group behaviour.
E.g. demographic shifts, urbanisation, secularisation.
29
what are the directions of social change
Social change theories are concerned with directions and patterns of change. cyclical, linear, and dialectical
30
what is a linear pattern of change
Type of change continues more or less in the same direction, is cumulative and implies there has been a measurable growth or increase. Non-repetitive and is constant over time.
31
what is a cyclical pattern of change
predictable and repetitive cycles of change, explain the rise and fall of civilizations also political and economic cycles.
32
what is a dialectical pattern of change
combination of previous two patterns occurring at the same time of making a spiral pattern. Occurs because short-term repetitive changes tend to be cyclical while long-term directional change is linear.
33
what is conflict theory
Marx viewed society as divided, made up of two main classes - the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and proletariat (the working class)
Social change is derived from conflict, resulting from inequalities in power and access to resources in a society
Society is in a constant state of conflict due to limited sources
E.g. feminism, civil rights movement, French and Russian revolution stemming from class conflict.
34
what is evolutionary theory
Societies evolve from simple to complex forms through forms, mirroring biological evolution.
Change is a linear process from a primitive state to a more complex state
As societies develop, they become more complex and interdependent
35
what is functionalist theory
If one institution fails, other parts of society must adapt to a new form of stability
Groups in societies have interconnected relationships in order to function and maintain social stability
Each part of society serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall stability of the community
36
what is interactionist theory
People attach meaning to symbols that require interpretation to understand - > meanings can be disputed over time due to changing social values
Individual's actions can be based on their interpretation of the world.
37
what is the social structure of afghanistan
Afghanistan's harsh and expansive terrain has affected the way Afghan people live and interact with each other, because of rivers and mountains, Afghan communities have been kept isolated, with very different ethnic groups emerging. 52% are Pashtun's, 25% are Tajik, 12% are Hazara, 6% are Uzbek, and 5% are other ethnicities.
The predominant religion is Islam, which 99% of the population follow.
38
what are the forms of power and authority in afganistan
The Taliban are a Pashtun-majority Sunny fundamentalist group formed in 1994. They rose to power in Afghanistan in 1996, and imposed a brutal rule over the country until 2001, when US forces entered the country. They recently took over Afghanistan in 2021, reverting lots of changed which existed in society, including reimposing Shari Law, which is an extremely strict interpretation of the Qur'an.
The Taliban's source of authority stems from their reference to the government as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. The Emirate is organised around a supreme leader, believed to be endowed by God with authority to oversee all affairs of state and society.
39
what are some changes in the role of women in afghanistan
Women officially gained equality under the 1964 Constitution.
The rights gained in the 1960's were taken away in the 1990's through different temporary rules such as the Taliban during the civil war.
The overall situation for Afghan women improved during the 2000's, particularly in major urban areas, but those living in rural parts of the country still faced many problems.
Before the Taliban came back: Afghanistan's parliament had the same percentage of women as US congress.
40
what is the continuity of violence towards women in afghanistan
According to the Afghan Ministry of Women's Affairs, more than half of all Afghan women reported experiencing at least one type of physical, sexual, or psychological violence between 2016-2020, and more than 60% were married without their consent.
Customs and traditions which are influenced by centuries old patriarchal rules prevail, with the issue of violence against women becoming more pronounced.
In 2012, Afghanistan recorded 240 cases in which women were the victims of honour killings, 21% being committed by victims' husbands, and 7 and 4% by brothers and fathers.
In 2023, 28.7% of Afghan girls under 18 were married, this has been an ongoing issue under the Taliban regime, with little changes being made.
In August 2024, the Taliban enacted a new morality law that erases women from public life through ensuring women cover their entire bodies and faces, women's voices are forbidden in public, women cannot interact with non-Muslims, they can't use public transport alone, and women are prohibited from looking at unrelated men.
41
what is the status of women in afghanistan
identity stripped away from women – in legal circumstances women receive legal rights → no trial is taken place, poor inhumane treatment
Women were banned from talking on the radio show: Sada-e-Banowan which was a women founded radio station and now its all men and the founder, Najia Sorosh, was forced to flee because the threats against her became too much.
Women are unable to appear in public alone or travel for more than 72km without a male chaperone.
42
what is bacha poch in afghanistan
Bacha Poch is a traditional practice in Afghanistan where families without sons designate a daughter to live as a boy for a period, typically from birth until puberty. This custom allows girls to enjoy freedoms usually reserved for males in Afghanistan's patriarchal society, such as attending school, playing sports, and moving freely in public without a male guardian.
Bacha poch continues to exist due to the deeply entrenched patriarchal norms in Afghan society, where having a son is considered crucial for family status and inheritance.
43
what is bacha bazi in afghanistan
Practice in Afghanistan where men exploit and enslave adolescent boys for sexual abuse, coercing them to cross-dress in attire traditionally worn by women and girls. Typically the young boy is dressed in women's clothing and dancing for entertainment.
HSC Society and Culture
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