1
Q
A record:
A
used to point a certain domain name at a certain IPv4 IP address
2
Q
ACK flag: One of the TCP control flags. ACK is short for acknowledge. A value of one in this field means that the acknowledgment number field should be examined
A
3
Q
Acknowledgement number: The number of the next expected segment in a TCP sequence
A
4
Q
Ad-Hoc network: A network configuration without supporting network infrastructure. Every device involved with the ad-hoc network communicates with every other device within range
A
and all nodes help pass along messages
5
Q
Address class system: A system which defines how the global IP address space is split up
A
6
Q
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): A protocol used to discover the hardware address of a node with a certain IP address
A
7
Q
Anycast: A technique that’s used to route traffic to different destinations depending on factors like location
A
congestion
8
Q
Application layer: The layer that allows network applications to communicate in a way they understand
A
9
Q
Application layer payload: The entire contents of whatever data applications want to send to each other
A
10
Q
ARP table: A list of IP addresses and the MAC addresses associated with them
A
11
Q
ASN: Autonomous System Number is a number assigned to an individual autonomous system
A
12
Q
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL): A device that establishes data connections across phone lines and different speeds for uploading and downloading data
A
13
Q
Automatic allocation: A range of IP addresses is set aside for assignment purposes
A
14
Q
B
A
15
Q
Baud rate: A measurement of how many bits could be passed across a phone line in a second
A
16
Q
Bit: The smallest representation of data that a computer can understand
A
17
Q
Bluetooth: The most common short range wireless network
A
18
Q
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): A protocol by which routers share data with each other
A
19
Q
Broadband: Any connectivity technology that isn’t dial-up Internet
A
20
Q
Broadcast: A type of Ethernet transmission
A
sent to every single device on a LAN
21
Q
Broadcast address: A special destination used by an Ethernet broadcast composed by all Fs
A
22
Q
C
A
23
Q
Cable categories: Groups of cables that are made with the same material. Most network cables used today can be split into two categories
A
copper and fiber
24
Q
Cable modem termination system: Connects lots of different cable connections
A
25
to an ISP's core network
26
Cable modem: A device that sits at the edge of a consumer's network and
27
connects it to the cable modem termination system
28
Cables: Insulated wires that connect different devices to each other allowing data to be transmitted over them
29
Caching and recursive name servers: They are generally provided by an ISP or your local network
and their purpose is to store domain name lookups for a certain amount of time
30
Carrier-Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD): CSMA/CD is used to determine when the communications channels are clear and when the device is free to transmit data
31
Channels: Individual
smaller sections of the overall frequency band used by a wireless network
32
Client: A device that receives data from a server
33
CLOSE: A connection state that indicates that the connection has been fully terminated
and that no further communication is possible
34
CLOSE_WAIT: A connection state that indicates that the connection has been closed at the TCP layer
but that the application that opened the socket hasn't released its hold on the socket yet
35
Cloud computing: The concept and technological approach of accessing data
using applications
36
CNAME: A resource record used to map one domain to another
37
Collision domain: A network segment where only one device can communicate at a time
38
Computer networking: The full scope of how computers communicate with each other
39
Connection-oriented protocol: A data-transmission protocol that establishes a connection at the transport layer
and uses this to ensure that all data has been properly transmitted
40
Connectionless protocol: A data-transmission protocol that allows data to be exchanged without an established connection at the transport layer. The most common of these is known as UDP
or User Datagram Protocol
41
Copper cable categories : These categories have different physical characteristics like the number of twists in the pair of copper wires. These are defined as names like category (or cat) 5
5e
42
Crosstalk: Crosstalk is when an electrical pulse on one wire is accidentally detected on another wire
43
Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC): A mathematical transformation that uses polynomial division to create a number that represents a larger set of data. It is an important concept for data integrity and is used all over computing
not just network transmissions
44
D
45
Datalink layer: The layer in which the first protocols are introduced. This layer is responsible for defining a common way of interpreting signals
so network devices can communicate
46
Data offset field: The number of the next expected segment in a TCP packet/datagram
47
Data packet: An all-encompassing term that represents any single set of binary data being sent across a network link
48
Data payload section: Has all of the data of the protocols further up the stack of a frame
49
Demarcate: To set the boundaries of something
50
Demarcation point: Where one network or system ends and another one begins
51
Demultiplexing: Taking traffic that's all aimed at the same node and delivering it to the proper receiving service
52
Destination MAC address: The hardware address of the intended recipient that immediately follows the start frame delimiter
53
Destination network: The column in a routing table that contains a row for each network that the router knows about
54
Destination port: The port of the service the TCP packet is intended for
55
DHCP: A technology that assigns an IP address automatically to a new device. It is an application layer protocol that automates the configuration process of hosts on a network
56
DHCP discovery: The process by which a client configured to use DHCP attempts to get network configuration information
57
Dial-up: Uses POTS for data transfer
and gets its name because the connection is established by actually dialing a phone number
58
DNS zones: A portion of space in the Domain Name System (DNS) that is controlled by an authoritative name server
59
Domain: Used to demarcate where control moves from a top-level domain name server to an authoritative name server
60
Domain name: A website name; the part of the URL following www.
61
Domain Name System (DNS): A global and highly distributed network service that resolves strings of letters
such as a website name
62
Dotted decimal notation: A format of using dots to separate numbers in a string
such as in an IP address
63
DSL: Digital subscriber line was able to send much more data across the wire than traditional dial-up technologies by operating at a frequency range that didn't interfere with normal phone calls
64
DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers are devices that connect multiple DSL connections to a high-speed digital communications channel
65
Duplex communication: A form of communication where information can flow in both directions across a cable
66
Duration field: Specifies how long the total frame is
67
Dynamic allocation: A range of IP addresses is set aside for client devices and one of these IPs is issued to these devices when they request one
68
Dynamic IP address: An IP address assigned automatically to a new device through a technology known as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
69
E
70
Error detection: The ability for a protocol or program to determine that something went wrong
71
Error recovery: The ability for a protocol or program to attempt to fix an error
72
ESTABLISHED: Status indicating that the TCP connection is in working order
and both sides are free to send each other data
73
Ethernet: The protocol most widely used to send data across individual links
74
Ethernet frame: A highly structured collection of information presented in a specific order
75
EtherType field: It follows the Source MAC Address in a dataframe. It's 16 bits long and used to describe the protocol of the contents of the frame
76
Exterior gateway: Protocols that are used for the exchange of information between independent autonomous systems
77
F
78
Fiber cable: Fiber optic cables contain individual optical fibers which are tiny tubes made of glass about the width of a human hair. Unlike copper
which uses electrical voltages
79
FIN: One of the TCP control flags. FIN is short for finish. When this flag is set to one
it means the transmitting computer doesn't have any more data to send and the connection can be closed
80
FIN_WAIT: A TCP socket state indicating that a FIN has been sent
but the corresponding ACK from the other end hasn't been received yet
81
Firewall: It is a device that blocks or allows traffic based on established rules
82
Five layer model: A model used to explain how network devices communicate. This model has five layers that stack on top of each other: Physical
Data Link
83
Fixed allocation: Requires a manually specified list of MAC address and the corresponding IPs
84
Flag field: It is used to indicate if a datagram is allowed to be fragmented
or to indicate that the datagram has already been fragmented
85
Flat file: A collection of records/information that follow a consistent format with rules around stored values. On a host computer
one use is to have a list of network address and host name pairs (a hosts file)
86
Flow label field: 20-bit field that's used in conjunction with the traffic class
87
field for routers to make decisions about the quality of service level for
88
a specific datagram
89
Fragmentation: The process of taking a single IP datagram and splitting it up into several smaller datagrams
90
Fragmentation offset field: It contains values used by the receiving end to take all the parts of a fragmented packet and put them back together in the correct order
91
Frame check sequence: It is a 4-byte or 32-bit number that represents a checksum value for the entire frame
92
Frame control field: 16 bits long
it contains a number of sub-fields that are used to
93
describe how the frame itself should be processed
94
Frequency band: A certain section of the radio spectrum that's been agreed upon to be used for certain communications
95
FTP: An older method used for transferring files from one computer to another
but you still see it in use today
96
FTTB: Fiber to the building
fiber to the business or even fiber to the basement
97
FTTH: Fiber to the home. This is used in instances where fiber is actually run to each individual residents in a neighborhood or apartment building
98
FTTN: Fiber to the neighborhood. This means that fiber technologies are used to deliver data to a single physical cabinet that serves a certain amount of the population
99
FTTP: Fiber to the premises. FTTH and FTTB may both also be referred to as FTTP
100
FTTX: Stands for fiber to the X
where the X can be one of many things
101
Full duplex: The capacity of devices on either side of a networking link to communicate with each other at the exact same time
102
Fully qualified domain name: When you combine all the parts of a domain together
103
H
104
Half-duplex: It means that
while communication is possible in each direction
105
Handshake: A way for two devices to ensure that they're speaking the same protocol and will be able to understand each other
106
HDSL: High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Lines. These are DSL technologies that provision speeds above 1.544 megabits per second
107
Header checksum field: A checksum of the contents of the entire IP datagram header
108
Header length field: A four bit field that declares how long the entire header is. It is almost always 20 bytes in length when dealing with IPv4
109
Hexadecimal: A way to represent numbers using a numerical base of 16
110
Hop limit field: An 8-bit field that's identical in purpose to the TTL field in an IPv4 header
111
Host file: It is a flat file that contains
on each line
112
Hub: It is a physical layer device that broadcasts data to everything computer connected to it
113
Hybrid cloud: Used to describe situations where companies might run things like
114
their most sensitive proprietary technologies on a private cloud or on premise while entrusting their less sensitive servers to a public cloud
115
Hypervisor: A piece of software that runs and manages virtual machines while also
116
offering guests a virtual operating platform that's indistinguishable from actual hardware
117
I
118
IANA: The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
is a non-profit organization that helps manage things like IP address allocation
119
ICMP: Internet control message protocol is used by router or remote hosts to
120
communicate error messages when network problems prevent delivery of IP packets
121
ICMP payload: Piece of the packet which lets the recipient of the message knows which of their transmissions caused the error being reported
122
Identification field: It is a 16-bit number that's used to group messages together
123
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): A subset of cloud computing where a network and servers are provided for customers to run their services
124
Instantiation: The actual implementation of something defined elsewhere
125
Interface: For a router
the port where a router connects to a network. A router gives and receives data through its interfaces. These are also used as part of the routing table
126
Interior gateway: Interior gateway protocols are used by routers to share information within a single autonomous system
127
Internet Protocol (IP): The most common protocol used in the network layer
128
Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company that provides a consumer an internet connection
129
Internetwork: A collection of networks connected together through routers - the most famous of these being the Internet
130
IP datagram: a highly structured series of fields that are strictly defined
131
IP masquerading: The NAT obscures the sender's IP address from the receiver
132
IP options field: An optional field and is used to set special characteristics for datagrams primarily used for testing purposes
133
IPv6 tunnel: IPv6 tunnel servers on either end of a connection take incoming IPv6 traffic and encapsulate it within traditional IPv4 datagrams
134
IPv6 tunnel brokers: Companies that provide IPv6 tunneling endpoints for you
so you don't have to introduce additional equipment to your network
135
L
136
Line coding: Modulation used for computer networks
137
Link-local unicast address: Allow for local network segment communications and
138
are configured based upon a host's MAC address
139
Listen: It means that a TCP socket is ready and listening for incoming connections
140
Local Area Network (LAN): A single network in which multiple devices are connected
141
Loopback address: An IP address that always points to itself. This type of address is used to test internal pathing through the TCP/IP protocols
142
M
143
MAC(Media Access Control) address: A globally unique identifier attached to an individual network interface. It's a 48-bit number normally represented by six groupings of two hexadecimal numbers
144
MAC filtering: Access points are configured to only allow for connections from a specific set of MAC addresses belonging to devices you trust
145
Mesh networks: Like ad-hoc networks
lots of devices communicate with each other device
146
Metered connection: An internet connection where all data transfer usage is tracked. Cell phone plans that have a limit on data usage per month or that charge based on usage are examples of metered connections
147
Modulation: A way of varying the voltage of a constant electrical charge moving across a standard copper network cable
148
Multicast: A way of addressing groups of hosts all at once
149
Multicast frame: If the least significant bit in the first octet of a destination address is set to one
it means you're dealing with a multicast frame. A multicast frame is similarly set to all devices on the local network signal
150
Multiplexing: It means that nodes on the network have the ability to direct traffic toward many different receiving services
151
MX record: It stands for mail exchange and this resource record is used in order to deliver email to the correct server
152
N
153
Name resolution: This process of using DNS to turn a domain name into an IP address
154
Network Address Translation (NAT): A mitigation tool that lets organizations use one public IP address and many private IP addresses within the network
155
Network layer: It's the layer that allows different networks to communicate with each other through devices known as routers. It is responsible for getting data delivered across a collection of networks
156
Network port: The physical connector to be able to connect a device to the network. This may be attached directly to a device on a computer network
or could also be located on a wall or on a patch panel
157
Network switch: It is a level 2 or data link device that can connect to many devices so they can communicate. It can inspect the contents of the Ethernet protocol data being sent around the network
determine which system the data is intended for and then only send that data to that one system
158
Next header field: Defines what kind of header is immediately after this current one
159
Next hop: The IP address of the next router that should receive data intended for the destination networking question or this could just state the network is directly connected and that there aren't any additional hops needed. Defined as part of the routing table
160
Node: Any device connected to a network. On most networks
each node will typically act as a server or a client
161
Non-metered connection: A connection where your data usage is not tracked or limited
instead you are charged a flat fee for unlimited and unrestricted usage. A Wi-Fi connection is an example of a non-metered connection
162
Non-routable address space: They are ranges of IPs set aside for use by anyone that cannot be routed to
163
NS record: It indicates other name servers that may also be responsible for a particular zone
164
NTP servers: Used to keep all computers on a network synchronized in time
165
O
166
Octet: Any number that can be represented by 8 bits
167
Optical Network Terminator: Converts data from protocols the fiber network can
168
understand to those that are more traditional twisted pair copper networks can understand
169
Options field: It is sometimes used for more complicated flow control protocols
170
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): The first three octets of a MAC address
171
OSI model: A model used to define how network devices communicate. This model has seven layers that stack on top of each other: Physical
Data Link
172
P
173
Padding field: A series of zeros used to ensure the header is the correct total size
174
Pairing: When a wireless peripheral connects to a mobile device
and the two devices exchange information
175
Patch panel: A device containing many physical network ports
176
Payload: The actual data being transported
which is everything that isn't a header
177
Payload length field: 16-bit field that defines how long the data payload section of the datagram is
178
Physical layer: It represents the physical devices that interconnect computers
179
Platform as a service: A su
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