Cranium

Question 1

How is cranium divided?

Answer 1

into Neurocranium and Viscerocranium s. splanchnocranium.

Question 2

Ossa neurocranii bones

Answer 2

Os sphenoidale
Os occipitale
Os parietale
Os frontale
Os temporale
Os ethmoidale

Question 3

Ossa viscerocranii consists:

Answer 3

Os zygomaticum
Maxilla
Os lacrimale
Os nasale
Concha nasalis inferior
Os palatinum
Vomer
Mandibula
Os hyoideum
Ossicula auditus

Question 4

How is os sphenoidale divided ?

Answer 4

divided into: corpus, ala minor, ala major, processus pterygoideus.

Question 5

Os Sphenoidale corpus

Answer 5

Facies superior

• Sella turcica
• Tuberculum sellae
• Sulcus prechiasmaticus
• Fossa hypophysialis
• Dorsum sellae (“back”)

Facies lateralis
- Sulcus caroticus (sarvista alas, sella turcican vieressä

Facies anterior

• Apertura sinus sphenoidalis (nenäreiät)
• Sinus sphenoidalis
• Septum sinuum sphenoidalium

Facies posterior

• Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis
• Synostosis sphenooccipitalis
• Os basilare

Question 6

Os Sphenoidale ala minor

Answer 6

Facies orbitalis (lower surface)

Facies cerebralis (upper surface)

• Canalis opticus (sulcus prechiasmatis vieres)
• Fissura orbitalis superior
• Processus clinoideus anterior (sarvet niskaan päin)

Question 7

Os Sphenoidale ala major

Answer 7

Facies temporalis (sivusiivet)

Facies infratemporalis
- Crista infratemporalis

Facies maxillaris (small close to rotundum)

Facies orbitalis

Facies cerebralis (only inner)

• Foramen rotundum
• Foramen ovale
• Foramen spinosum
• Impressiones digitatae
• Juga cerebralia
• Sulci arteriosi

Question 8

Os sphenoidal processus pterygoideus

Answer 8

Sarvet in the lower part

• Lamina medialis
• Fossa pterygoidea
• Lamina laterlis
• Canalis pterygoideus (superiorly)

Question 9

How is os occipitale divided? Where does the spinal cord go?

Answer 9

Divided into pars basilaris, pars lateralis and squama occipitalis.

Foramen magnum is the large opening for spinal cord.

Question 10

Os occipitale

Answer 10

Pars basilaris

• Tuberculum pharyngeum (outside of the bone, opposite side of clivus)
• Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
• Clivus

Pars lateralis

• Condylus occipitalis (the wing outer part)
• Canalis hypoglossi (next to the foramen magnum laterally, closer than condylaris, more like painautuma)
• Canalis condylaris (next to the foramen magnum laterally, hole)
• Incisura jugularis (canalis condylaris)
• Sulcus sinus sigmoidei (laterally “towards ears”)

Squama occipitalis

Facies externa

• Protuberantia occipitalis externa (linea superior leaves from here)
• Crista occipitalis externa
• Linea nuchae superior (outside border)
• Linea nuchae inferior (outside border)

Facies cerebralis 
Takaraivosta kohti selkäydintä --> 
- Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris
- Sulcus sinus transversi
- Protuberantia occipitalis interna
- Crista occipitalis interna

Question 11

Os parietale kulmat

Answer 11

Angulus frontalis (90, upper)
Angulus sphenoidalis (lower, sharp)
Angulus occipitalis (upper, next to frontal)
Angulus mastoideus (next to sharp)

Question 12

Os parietal facies and their structures

Answer 12

Facies externa

• Tuber parietale (kyhmy)
• Linea temporalis superior
• Linea temporalis inferior
• Foramen parietale (small hole close to angulus occipitalis)

Facies cerebralis

• Impressiones digitatae (sormenjäljet)
• Juga cerebralia (verisuonipainaumat)
• Sulci arteriosi (vahvimmat painaumat)
• Foveolae granulares (close to angels frontalis 90 degree, small holes)
• Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris (lining of the upper margo)
• Sulcus sinus sigmoidei (next to sulcus mastoids (so other side of the sharp angulus sphenoidalis)

Question 13

How is os frontale divided?

Answer 13

Divided into squama frontalis, pars nasalis, pars orbitalis.

Question 14

Squama frontalis os frontale

Answer 14

Facies externa

• Tuber frontale (kyhmyt)
• Arcus superciliaris (kulmakarvat)
• Glabella (b. arcuses)
• Margo supraorbitalis (sharp line of arches)
• Incisura frontalis
• -> foramen frontale
• Processus zygomaticus (the end of arcus
• Linea temporalis (ohimon reuna)
• Facies temporalis (ohimo)

Facies cerebralis

• Crista frontalis (lower in the middle of the hollow)
• Sulcus sinus sagittalis superioris (superior to crust b. two lines)

Question 15

Pars nasalis, Pars orbitalis os frontale

Answer 15

Pars nasalis

• Incisura ethmoidalis (silmäkuoppien välinen “trabecula”)
• Apertura sinus frontalis (in the hevosenkenkä)
• Sinus frontalis
• Septum sinuum frontalium (wall between sinus frontalis)

Pars orbitalis

Facies orbitalis

• Fossa glandulae lacrimalis (silmäkuoppa)
• Foramen ethmoidale anterius (anterior next to nose)
• Foramen ethmoidale posterius

Facies cerebralis

• Impressiones digitatae
• Juga cerebralia

Question 16

How is os ethmoidale divided into?

Answer 16

into lamina cribrosa, lamina perpendicularis, labyrinthus etmoidalis

Question 17

Os ethmoidale

Answer 17

Lamina cribrosa
- Cribrae ethmoidales

Lamina perpendicularis
- Crista galli

Labyrinthus ethmoidalis

• Cellulae ethmoidales anteriores
• Cellulae ethmoidales mediae
• Cellulae ethmoidales posteriores
• Lamina orbitalis
• Concha nasalis superior
• Concha nasalis media

Question 18

os basillare

Answer 18

os sphenoidale + os occipitale

Question 19

How is os temporale divided?

Answer 19

Divided into pars petrosa, pars mastoidea, pars tympanica and pars squamosa.

Question 20

Pars petrosal os temporale

Answer 20

 Apex partis petrosae
 Margo anterior
 Margo superior
-->  Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris
 Margo posterior
--> Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris
--> Canaliculus cochleae (next to Meatus, kinda below it)
--> Incisura jugularis (behind cochleae)

Facies anterior
 Tegmen tympani (“peukku” painautuma)
 Eminentia arcuata (elevation, “vuoren huippu”)
 Hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris (lähempänä eminentiaa)
 Hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris
 Impressio trigeminalis (for ganglio trigeminalis)

Facies posterior
 Porus acusticus internus (outer & inner biggest hole)
 Meatus acusticus internus (continuation of porus, = short channel)
 canaliculi vestibuli (posteriorly from the porus, super small “dot”)

Facies inferior
 Processus styloideus
 Foramen stylomastoideum (in the tip of processes, opening for canalis n. facialis)
 Canalis n. facialis
 Fossa jugularis
 Fossula petrosa (b. fossa jugularis and canalis caroticus)
 Canaliculus tympanicus
 Canalis caroticus (opens in the apex)
 Canalis musculotubarius (divides into semicanalis)
 Semicanalis tubae auditivae (auditive tube)
 Semicanalis musculi tensoris tympani (closer to canalis caroticus)

Question 21

Pars mastoidea and pars tympanic of os temporale

Answer 21

Pars mastoidea
 Processus mastoideus
 Cellulae mastoideae (reikiä processuksen sisällä)
 Antrum mastoideum (reduces pain if put warm on it in case of infection)
 Incisura mastoidea (closer to processus)
 Sulcus artery occipitalis (further away from processus)
 Foramen mastoideum
 Sulcus sinus sigmoidei

Pars tympanica
 Fissura petrotympanica

Question 22

Pars squamosa os temporale

Answer 22

Facies temporalis
 Processus zygomaticus
 Fossa mandibularis
 Tuberculum articulare

Facies cerebralis
 Impressiones digitatae
 Juga cerebralia
 Sulci arteriosi

Question 23

Canales ossis temporalis

Answer 23

1. Canalis n. facialis
2. Canalis caroticus
3. Canalis musculotubarius
4. Canaliculus tympanicus
5. Canaliculus vestibuli
6. Canaliculus cochleae
7. Cavitas tympani
8. Canaliculus chordae
   tympani

Question 24

Canalis nervi facialis

Answer 24

Meatus acusticus internus goes perpendicularly to longitudinal axis of pyramids to the direction (all the way) of hiatus canalis n. petrosi major

• -> 90 degree curve (posteriorly)
• -> parallerly to longitudinal axis until eminentia arcuata
• -> at the level of eminentia arcuata goes 90 degrees down –> out from foramen stylomastoideum.

Question 25

Canalis caroticus

Answer 25

Starts facies inferior partis petrosa, ends on apex partis petrosa.

Question 26

Canalis musculotubarius

Answer 26

Apex partis petrosae  divides in 2 semicanalis (semicanalis m. tensoris tympani and semicanalis tubae auditivae). Ends in cavitas tympani.

Question 27

Canaliculus tympanicus

Answer 27

Upper opening – hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris, lower opening – fossula petrosa. Goes through cavitas tympani.

Question 28

Canaliculus vestibule

Answer 28

Starts facies posterior partis petrosae at canaliculi vestibuli, ends in auris interna.

Question 29

Canaliculus cochleae

Answer 29

Starts at margo posterior partis petrosa at apertura externa canaliculi cochlea, ends in auris interna.

Question 30

Cavitas tympani

Answer 30

1cm^3 area near margo anterior. Ossicula auditus locate here. Canaliculus tympanicus goes through this. Canalis musculotubarius ends in here. Cannot be seen. Underneath tegmen tympani.

Question 31

Canaliculus chordae tympani

Answer 31

Branch of descending part of canalis n. facialis. Opens through fissura petrotympanica. Meatus acusticus internus --> vertically down --> fissura petrotympanica

Question 32

Canalis nervi petrosi majorais

Answer 32

second branch of canalis nervi facialis. From the beginning canalis n.facialis, hiatus canalis nervi petrosi majoris.

Question 33

Corpus mandibulae

Answer 33

Basis mandibulae  Protuberantia mentalis (in between of two tuberculums, pyllyleuan kolo)  Tuberculum mentale (2 kpl, pyllyleuka)  Foramen mentale (holes laterally from tuberculums)  Fovea sublingualis (internal)  Fovea submandibularis (laterally)  Linea mylohyoidea (internal, attachment for a muscle)  Spina mentalis (internal spina)  Fossa digastrica (internal, in the lower jaw, below spina) Pars alveolaris  Arcus alveolaris (how wide the "teeth cavity" is)  Alveoli dentales (separated by septa, for roots of the teeth)  Septa interalveolaria  Septa interradicularia  Juga alveolaria (elevations in the gum because of the teeth, anteriorly)

Question 34

Ramus mandibulae

Answer 34

- Angulus mandibulae (leuan terävyys)  Processus condylaris (in the place where the jaw connects to the skull)  Caput mandibulae (in the processus)  Collum mandibulae (in the processus)  Fovea pterygoidea (in the processus)  Processus coronoideus (etu yläpiikki)  Incisura mandibulae (b. processusses)  Foramen mandibulae (hole internal in the "cheek" of the mouth, opening for canalis)  Canalis mandibularis (opens in foramen mentale)  Sulcus mylohyoideus (continuities from foramen mandibulae)  Tuberositas masseterica (outer surface, angulus mandibulae)  Tuberositas pterygoidea (attachment for muscle, angulus mandibulae)

Question 35

How is Maxilla divided?

Answer 35

Corpus, 4 processus: frontalis, zygomaticus, palatinus, alveolaris

Question 36

Corpus maxillae

Answer 36

``` Facies anterior  Incisura nasalis (lower nasalis)  Foramen infraorbitale (below eye)  Margo infraorbitalis (silmäkulma)  Fossa canina (painauma silmän alla) ``` Facies orbitalis (superior)  Sulcus infraorbitalis  Canalis infraorbitalis Facies nasalis  Hiatus maxillaris  Sinus maxillaris (the biggest) Facies infratemporalis (outer posterior)  Tuber maxillae (poskipää)  Foramina alveolaria (very small, not always visible)  Canales alveolares

Question 37

Processus of maxilla

Answer 37

``` Processus frontalis (silmäkulma)  Sulcus lacrimalis (b. frontalis and zygomaticus) ``` Processus zygomaticus (laterally, poskipää) Processus palatinus  Canalis incisivus (anterior) ``` Processus alveolaris (poskipään alaosa, inferior)  Arcus alveolaris  Alveoli dentales  Septa interalveolaria  Septa interradicularia  Juga alveolaria (same as in mandibula) ```

Question 38

Os zygomaticum

Answer 38

Processus temporales Processus frontalis Facies orbitals - foramen zygomaticoorbitale Facies lateralis - foramen zygomativofaciale - margo infraorbitalis Facies temporalis - foramen zygomaticotemporale

Question 39

Other small bones in the face

Answer 39

``` Os lacrimale Os nasale Concha nasalis inferior Os hyoideum Vomer ```

Question 40

Juncturae cranii: synarthrosis s. juncture fibrosa

Answer 40

Suturae cranii (syndesmosis), sutura serrata - Sutura coronalis (b. frontal and parietal bones) - Sutura sagittalis (b. parietal bones) Sutura lambdoidea ( b. occipital and parietal bones) Sutura frontalis (some people have this) - Sutura squamosa - Sutura plana

Question 41

Juncturae cranii: Synchondroses s. juncture cartilaginea

Answer 41

Synchondrosis sphenooccipitalis Synchondrosis sphenopetrosa Synchondrosis petrooccipitalis

Question 42

Juncturae cranii: Synostoses s. juncture ossea

Answer 42

``` Synostoses sphenooccipitalis (=ossification of synchondrosis spenooccipitalis) ```

Question 43

Juncturae cranii: Diarthrosis

Answer 43

Art. temporomandibularis (art. ellipsoidea) Caput mandibulae Fossa mandibularis Tuberculum articulare  Discus articularis  Capsula articularis  Lig. laterale (from arcus zygomaticus to collum mandibulae

Question 44

What does the neurocranium consist of? What is the upper part called and what does it consist of ?

Answer 44

Neurocranium consists of basis cranii and calvaria. Calvaria is the upper part of neurocranium and consists of upper part of os frontale, os occipital, os parietale and ossa temporalis.

Question 45

Basis cranii

Answer 45

``` Basis cranii interna - Fossa cranii anterior - Fossa cranii media - Fossa cranii posterior Basis cranii externa ```

Question 46

Borders between calvaria and basis cranii

Answer 46

- Margo supraorbitalis - Processus zygomaticus ossis frontalis - Crista infratemporalis - Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis - Processus mastoideus - Linea nuchae superior - Protuberantia occipitalis externa

Question 47

Fossa cranii anterior

Answer 47

Borders  Squama frontalis  Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis  Sulcus prechiamaticus Base formations  Lamina cribrosa ossis ethmoidalis  Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis  Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis ``` Structures  Crista galli  Crista frontalis  Impressiones digitatae  Juga cerebralia ``` ``` Communications  Cribrae ethmoidales --> cavum nasi (meatus nasi communis)  Foramen ethmoidale anterius --> orbita ```

Question 48

Fossa cranii media

Answer 48

``` Borders  Sulcus prechiasmaticus  Ala minor ossis sphenoidalis  Pars squamosa ossis temporalis  Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris  Dorsum sellae ``` ``` Base formations  Corpus ossis sphenoidalis  Ala major ossis sphenoidalis  Pars squamosa ossis temporalis  Facies anterior parti petrosae ``` ``` Structures  Sulcus prechiasmaticus  Sella turcica  Tuberculum sellae  Fossa hypophysialis  Dorsum sellae  Sulcus caroticus  Impressiones digitatae  Juga cerebralis  Sulci arteriosi  Tegmen tympani  Eminentia arcuata  Impressio trigemini ``` Communications  Canalis opticus --> orbita  Fissure orbitalis superior --> orbita  Foramen rotundum --> fossa pterygopalatine  Foramen ovale --> fossa infratemporalis  Foramen spinosum --> fossa infratemporalis  Canalis caroticus --> basis cranii externa  Foramen lacerum --> basis cranii externa  Hiatus canalis n. petrosi majoris --> canalis nervi facialis --> foramen stylomastoideum or meatus acusticus internus  Hiatus canalis n. petrosi minoris --> canaliculus tympanicus --> cavum tympani --> fossula petrosa

Question 49

Fossa cranii posterior

Answer 49

``` Borders  Dorsum sellae  Sulcus sinus petrosi superioris  Sulcus sinus transversi  Protuberantia occipitalis interna ``` ``` Base formations  Os occipitale  Facies posterior partis petrosae ossis temporalis  Pars mastoidea ossis temporalis  Angulus mastoideus ossis parietalis ``` ``` Structures  Clivus  Sulcus sinus petrosi inferioris  Sulcus sinus sigmoidei  Crista occipitalis interna ``` Communications  Foramen magnum --> canalis vertebralis  Canalis hypoglossi --> basis cranii externa  Canalis condylaris --> basis cranii externa  Foramen jugulare --> basis cranii externa  Foramen mastoideum --> basis cranii externa  Porus et meatus acusticus internus --> canalis nervi facialis  foramen stylomastoideum --> basis cranii externa  Canaliculus cochleae --> auris interna  Canaliculus vestibule --> auris interna

Question 50

Basis cranii externa

Answer 50

Viscerocranium divided into Arcus alveolaris superior and Palatum osseum and Choana Neurocranium

Question 51

Neurocranium

Answer 51

Processus pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis - Lamina lateralis - Lamina medialis Fossa pterygoidea Canalis pterygoideus --> fossa pterygopalatine Choana --> cavum nasi (meatus nasopharyngeus) Canalis musculotubarius --> cavum tympani Canalis caroticus --> fossa cranii media Fossula petrosa --> canaliculus tympanicus --> cavum tympani Fossa jugularis Foramen jugulare --> fossa cranii posterior Foramen stylomastoideum --> canalis nervi facialis Processus styloideus Fissura petrotympanica --> cavum tympani Fossa mandibularis Tuberculum articulare Porus acusticus externus --> meatus acusticus externus Processus mastoideus Incisura mastoidea Sulcus a. occipitalis Foramen mastoideum --> fossa cranii posterior Tuberculum pharyngeum Foramen magnum --> fossa cranii posterior Condylus occipitalis Canalis condylaris --> fossa cranii posterior Canalis hypoglossi --> fossa cranii posterior Crista occipitalis externa Linea nuchae superior Linea nuchae inferior

Question 52

Viscerocranium

Answer 52

Arcus alveolaris superior - Processus alveolaris maxillae - Alveoli dentales - Septa interalveolaria - Septa interradicularia - Juga alveolaria Palatum osseum - Processus palatinus maxillae - Lamina horizontalis ossis palatini - Sutura palatina mediana - Sutura palatina transversa - Canalis incisivus --> cavum nasi (meatus nasi communis) - Canalis palatinus major s. canalis pterygoplatinus --> fossa pterygopalatine Choana - Lamina horizontalis ossis palatini - Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei - Facies inferior corposis ossis sphenoidalis - Vomer

Question 53

Os palatinum

Answer 53

Seperates nasal cavity from fossa pterygopalatine. Lamina perpendicularis (vertically in the lateral wall of nasal cavity in front of processus pterygoideus)  Incisura sphenopalatina o (joins with corpus ossis sphenoidalis to make foramen sphenopalatinum)  Facies nasalis  Facies maxillaris Lamina horizontalis  Facies nasalis  Facies palatine  Foramen palatinum majus

Question 54

Different small bones of the face

Answer 54

``` Os lacrimale Os nasale Concha nasalis inferior Os hyoideum Vomer ```

Question 55

Orbita and communications

Answer 55

Auditus orbitae - Margo supraorbitalis ossis frontalis - Margo infraorbitalis maxillae et ossis zygomatici Apex orbitae ``` Paries medialis  Processus frontalis maxillae  Os lacrimale  Lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis  Corpus ossis sphenoidalis ``` Paries superior  Pars orbitalis ossis frontalis  Facies orbitalis alae minoris ossis sphenoidalis Paries lateralis - Facies orbitals alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis  Facies orbitalis ossis zygomatici o Fossa glandulae lacrimalis Paries inferior  Facies orbitalis maxillae o Sulcus infraorbitalis Communications  Canalis opticus --> fossa cranii media  Fissura orbitalis superior --> fossa cranii media  Foramen ethmoidale anterius --> fossa cranii anterior  Foramen ethmoidale posterius --> through cellulae ethmoidalis --> cavum nasi  Canalis nasolacrimalis --> cavum nasi (meatus nasi inferior)  Canalis infraorbitalis --> foramen infraorbitale --> facies anterior maxillae  Fissura orbitalis inferior --> fossa pterygopalatina, fossa infratemporalis

Question 56

Cavitas nasi and its communications

Answer 56

Paries superior  Lamina cribrosa (in the skull!) Paries inferior  Palatum osseum ``` Paries lateralis  Facies nasalis maxillae  Os lacrimale  Concha nasalis inferior  Labyrinthus ethmoidalis (concha nasals media/superior)  Lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini  Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei ``` Paries medialis (septum nasi)  Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis  Vomer Paries posterior  Facies anterior corporis ossis sphenoidalis  Choanae Paries anterior  Os nasale  Apertura piriformis (os nasale, incisura nasalis maxillae) Communications  Meatus nasi superior --> cellulae ethmoidales  Meatus nasi medius --> cellulae ethmoidales  Meatus nasi medius --> hiatus sinus maxillaris --> sinus maxillaris  Meatus nasi medius --> apertura sinus frontalis --> sinus frontalis  Meatus nasi inferior --> canalis nasolacrimalis -->orbita  Meatus nasi communis --> apertura piriformis (for breathing)  Meatus nasi communis --> cribrae ethmoidales --> fossa cranii anterior  Meatus nasi communis --> canalis incisivus --> cavum oris  Meatus nasopharyngeus --> apertura sinus sphenoidalis --> sinus sphenoidalis  Meatus nasopharyngeus --> foramen sphenopalatinum --> fossa pterygopalatina  Meatus nasopharyngeus --> choana --> basis cranii externa

Question 57

Fossa temporalis

Answer 57

Paries anterior  Facies temporalis ossis frontalis  Facies temporalis ossis zygomatici ``` Paries medialis  Facies temporalis ossis frontalis  Facies temporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis  Facies temporalis ossis parietalis  Facies temporalis ossis temporalis o Linea temporalis superior o Linea temporalis inferior ``` Paries lateralis  Arcus zygomaticus  Processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis  Processus temporalis ossis zygomatici Communications  Fossa infratemporalis  Foramen zygomaticotemporale/zygomaticoorbitale --> orbita

Question 58

Fossa infratemporalis and its communications

Answer 58

Paries anterior  Facies infratemporalis maxillae Paries medialis  Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei ossis sphenoidalis Paries superior  Facies infratemporalis alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis Paries lateralis ( Arcus zygomaticus)  Ramus mandibulae (in mandibula!) Communications  Fissura orbitalis inferior --> orbita  Canaliculus chord tympani (Fissura petrotympanica) -> cavum tympani  Fissura sphenomaxillaris (border between fossa infratemporalis and fossa pterygopalatina) --> fossa pterygopalatina  Foramina alveolaria --> canales alveolares maxillae  Foramen ovale --> fossa cranii media  Foramen spinosum --> fossa cranii media  Foramen mandibulae (in mandibula!) --> canalis mandibulae

Question 59

Fossa pterygopalatina and its communications

Answer 59

Paries medialis  Lamina perpendicularis ossis palatini Paries anterior  Facies infratemporalis maxillae Paries posterior  Processus pterygoideus Paries superior  Facies maxillaris alae majoris ossis sphenoidalis Communications  Foramen sphenopalatinum --> meatus nasopharyngeus cavi nasi  Foramen rotundum -> fossa cranii media  Fissura orbitalis inferior --> orbita  Fissura sphenomaxillaris (border between fossa infratemporalis and fossa pterygopalatina --> fossa infratemporalis  Canalis pterygoideus (in the root of proc. pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis) --> basis cranii externa  Canalis palatinus major (os palatinum) --> foramen palatinum majus --> cavum oris