Anatomy > Systema respiratorium > Flashcards

Systema respiratorium Flashcards

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1
Q

Larynx

A
  • passage of air and the production of sound (voice box)
  • The skeleton is formed by cartilagines larynges
  • There are 3 single cartilages:
    o Cartilago thyroidea
    –> Consists of 2 plates, the anterior borders are fused with each other forming prominentia laryngea
    (Adam’s Apple’)

o Cartilago epiglottica

  • -> Leaf shaped
  • -> projects obliquely upwards behind cartilago thyroidea

o Cartilago cricoidea
–> Ring shaped

There are 3 paired cartilages:
o Cartilago arytenoidea
–> Pyramidal in shape
–> at the upper border of the cricoid cartilage

o Cartilago corniculata

  • -> two small conical nodules
  • -> lie on top of cartilago arytenoidea

o Cartilago cuneiformis
–> placed in the posterior parts of the ary-epiglottic folds of the mucous membrane

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2
Q

Synovial joints of larynx

A

Articulatio cricothyroidea

  • Between cartilago cricoidea and cartilago thyroidea
  • Flexio cartilago thyroidea –> movements of the vocal cord (frontal axis)

Articulatio cricoarytenoidea

  • Between cartilago cricoidea and cartilago arytenoidea
  • This articulation allows the space between the vocal cords to expand or narrow (vertical axis)
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3
Q

Syndesmoses of larynx

A

Membrana thyrohyoidea

  • Membrane between os hyoideum and the cartilago thyroidea
  • Lig. cricothyroideum medianum is the thickest part

Lig. cricotracheale

  • between cartilgo cricoidea and trachea
  • Joins larynx to trachea
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4
Q

Cavitas larynges

A
  • From aditus laryngis to the lower border of cartilago cricoidea (–> continues into the trachea)

bordered by:
o epiglottis
o plica aryepiglottica
o incisura interarytenoidea

  • cavity has an hourglass shape and is divided into 3 parts:
    1. Vestibulum larynges (upper)
    • from aditus laryngis to plicae vestibulares
  1. Glottis (middle)
    - between plicae vestibulares and plicae vocals
    - At each side there is ventriculus larynges (acts as a resonator)
  2. Cavitas infraglottica (lower)
    - From plicae vocales to the entrance of trachea
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5
Q

How’s the upper surface lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

  • variable points becomes ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Mixed mucous and serous glands are found in the lamina propria which covers membrana fibroelastica larynges
  • -> 2 areas can be distinguished;
  1. Membrana quadrangularis; Located in vestibulum laryngis
    - The upper border forms plica aryepiglottica
    - thicker lower border forms (false vocal cords) – lig. vestibulare
  2. Conus elasticus; Located in cavitas infraglottica
    - The thick upper border forms (true vocal cords) – lig. vocale
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6
Q

What covers leg. vestibule and vocale? and what do they form? How’s the voice formed by these?

A

Plica vestibulares: The mucous membrane that covers lig. vestibulare
- forms Rima vestibuli: The narrow distance between the right and left folds

Plica vocalis: The mucous membrane that covers lig. vocale
- forms rima glottidis s. rima vocalis: The narrow space between both plicae vocalis

The voice is formed by the vibrations of the vocal folds made by an air stream expelled from the lungs

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7
Q

Musculi laryngis

A

M. cricothyroideus
- Moves art. cricothyroidea: flexio cartilago thyroidea –> stretch
the vocal cords

M. Vocalis
- Control the tension in the vocal cords

PLUS the extrinsic muscles such as suprahyoid (digastrica, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, genihyoid = elevation), (stylopharungeus, elevate) and infrahyoid muscles (omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid)

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8
Q

Topography of larynx

A

Holotopically: cervical region

Skeletopically: C4– 5 to C6– 7

Synoptically:
Anteriorly:
- Isthusmus glandulae thyroideae
- mm. recti colli
- fascia colli
- subcutis and cutis

Posteriorly: laryngopharynx

Laterally:

  • BV and nerves
  • lobuli glandulae thyroideae
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9
Q

Trachea

A
  • 9-15 cm long tube, 2- 2.5 cm in diameter
  • from Larynx –> bifurcation tracheae
    • carina tracheae
- 16- 20 cartilagines tracheales
o reinforce trachea
o anteriorly: ligg. anularia
o posteriorly: paries membranaceus
  --> connective tissue and m. trachealis
  • tunica mucosa
    o folliculi lymphatici tracheales
    o glandulae tracheales
  • tunica submucosa
  • tunica adventitia
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10
Q

Topography of trachea

A

Holotopia:

  • Regio colli
  • mediastinum superius

Skeletotopia: C6-7 –> T4-5

Syntopia:

regio colli
 - anteriorly:
    > mm. recti colli
    > fasciae colli
    > subcutis, cutis
    > isthmus glandulae thyroidea
  - laterally:
    > BV, nerves
    > lobi glandulae thyroidea
  - posteriorly:
    > oesophagus

mediastinum superius

  • anteriorly: thymus
  • laterally: pleura mediastinalis
  • posteriorly: oesophagus
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11
Q

Bronchi

A

Bronchus principalis dexter et sinister
- start at T4-5

bronchus principalis dexter:
o wider, shorter (2.5 cm long)
o continuous with course of trachea
o enters lung at Th 5
o divides into 3 bronchi lobares

bronchus principalis sinister:
o smaller, longer (5 cm long)
o divides into 2 bronchi lobares

Entering pulmo: form arbor bronchialis –> arbor alveolaris

Arbor bronchialie (air conducting portion)
- Bronchus principalis dexter et sinister
- Bronchus lobaris
   > Dexter: 3
   > Sinister:2
- Bronchus segmentalis
- Bronchus intersegmentalis
- Bronchiolus
Arbor alveolaris (respiratory portion)
- Bronchiolus respiratorius
- Ductus alveolaris
- Sacculus alveolaris
- Alveoli pulmonis – gas exchange
Functional unit: acinus pulmonalis
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12
Q

Pleura

A
  1. pleura pulmonalis s. pleura visceralis
    o covers the surface of the lung
    o goes into the fissures between lobes
  2. pleura parietalis
    a. pars costalis
    - lines inner surface of ribs and intercostal spaces

b. pars diaphragmatica
- covers superior surface of diaphragm

c. pars mediastinalis
- sagitally from sternum to columna vertebralis

At apex pulmonis pleura parietalis arches over the lung as cupula pleurae

Cavitas pleuralis between pleura pulmonalis and pleura parietalis
–> fluid decreases friction between pleuras

recessus costodiaphragatica
o horizontally between pars costales and pars diaphragmatica

recessus costomediastinalis
o vertically behind sternum between pars costalis and pars mediastinalis

recessus vertebromediastinalis
o vertically in front of columna vertebralis between pars costalis and pars mediastinalis

recessus phrenicomediastinalis
o sagitally in left pleural cavity between pars diaphragmatica and pars mediastinalis

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13
Q

Mediastinum

A

(space between two pleural cavities)

Bordered by:
anteriorly – sternum
Posteriorly – vertebra thoracici
Laterally – pleura parietals pars mediastinalis
Inferiorly – diaphragm
  • Connects neck region via apertura thoracis superior
  • Spatium retropharyngeum
  • Spatium parapharyngeum
  1. Mediastinum superius
    a. Plate from angulus sternum to 4th thoracic vertebra —> plana transversalia
    i. Seperates mediastinum superius from mediastinum inferius
    • Thymus
    • Trachea
    • Oesophagus
    • BV, nerves, lymph vessels
  2. Mediastinum inferius
    a. Anterius
    i. Between sternum and pericardium
    • BV, lymph vessels

b. Medium
i. Cor and pericardium

c. Posterior
i. Between pericardium and columna vertebralis
- Oesophagus
- BV, nerves, lymph vessels

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14
Q

Pulmo holotopia and syntopia

A

Holotopia cavum thoracis; on both sides of mediastinum

Syntopia

  • facies costales: sulci costales
  • facies diaphragmatica: to diaphragm
  • facies mediastinalis: depressions of heart and BV
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15
Q

Skeletotopia of pulmo

A 
apex pulmonis
- lies behind mm. scaleni (1-3cm above clavicula)
- posteriorly: proc. spinosus C7
- anterior border:
   > apex pulmonalis
   > obliquely downward, forward
   > crosses art. sternoclavicularis from
behind
   > anterior borders approach
   > descend from costae 2–4

> below curves:
left lung
- curve along 4th costae
> linea parasternalis sinistra (cardiac notch)
> downward
> linea medioclavicularis/6th costae

       right lung:
           > 4th costae
           > linea parasternalis dextra/upper margin of 6
th costae
           > coninues to lower border

Lower border:

  • linea medioclavicularis/6th costae
  • linea axillaris anterior/7th costae
  • linea axillaris posterior/9th costae
  • linea scapularis/10th costae
  • linea paravertebralis/proc. transversus Th 11

posterior border:
along linea paravertrabralis –> apex

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16
Q

Pulmones

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A 
essential organ for respiration
- gas exchange between inhaled air and blood
- conical shape
-  apex pulmonis
    > rounded
    > extends upwards into root of neck
- basis pulmonis
    > broad concave
    > on surface of diaphragm

4 surfaces:

  • facies costales
    • smooth & convex
    • projects into inner surface of ribs
  • facies diaphragmatica
    • towards diaphragm
    • concave
  • facies interlobaris
    • numerous surfaces between lobes
  • facies mediastinalis
    • towards mediastinum
      • hilum pulmonis
      • bronchus principalis, a. pulmonalis, vv. pulmonales, nerves, lymph vessels –> form radix pulmonis (root of lung)
    • On the right side: highest structure is bronchus principalis
    • On left side: highest structure is a. pulmonalis

Each lung has 2 borders:
- margo inferior
* thin, sharp
* separates facies costales et facies mediastinalis from facies diaphragmatica
- margo anterior
* thin, sharp
* right lung: almost vertical
* left lung: incisura cardiaca pulmonis sinistra
> limited below: lingual pulmonis sinistri

17
Q

What lobes does the lungs (pulmonales) have? What separates them? and what do the lobes consist of ?

Study These Flashcards
A

right lung: 3 lobes

  1. lobus superior
  2. lobus medius pulmonis dextri
  3. lobus inferior

left lung: 2 lobes

  1. lobus superior
  2. lobus inferior
  • fissura obliqua
    > both lungs
    > posterior part: Th 3 –> downward & forward over facies costales –> 6th costae (cartilage bone-connection)
  • fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri
    > only right lung
    > linea axillaris media –> horizontally along 4th costae to sternum
    > separates superior and middle lobe

lobes consist of conical segmenta bronchopulmonalia:

  • anatomical, physiological, surgical unit
  • base: projected to external surface of lung
  • apex: to hilum pulmonalis
  • center: arteria et bronchus segmentalis
  • branches of veins  lie in connective tissue surrounding the segment
  • Right lung: 10 segments
  • Left lung: 9 segments
  • Each segment consists of lobuli
18
Q

Pulmo dexter - lobus segments

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A

lobus superior

  • segmentum apicale
  • segmentum posterius
  • segmentum anterius

lobus medius

  • segmentum laterale
  • segmentum mediale

lobus inferior

  • segmentum superius
  • segmentum basale mediale
  • segmentum basale anterius
  • segmentum basale laterale
  • segmentum basale posterius
19
Q

Pulmo sinister - lobus segments

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A

lobus superior

  • segmentum apicoposterius
  • segmentum anterius
  • segmentum lingulare superius
  • segmentum lingulare inferius

lobus inferior

  • segmentum superius
  • segmentum basale mediale
  • segmentum basale anterius
  • segmentum basale laterale
  • segmentum basale posterius
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