A-Level Sociology AQA > Crime + Deviance - Globalisation > Flashcards

Crime + Deviance - Globalisation Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnectedness of societies

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2
Q

What has led to globalisation?

A

Technology, mass media, cheaper air travel

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3
Q

What did Held suggest?

A

There has been a globalisation of crime, an interconnectedness of crime across national boarders

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4
Q

How much does Castell argue the global criminal economy is worth?

A

Over £1 trillion

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5
Q

What are some examples of global crimes?

A
  • Smuggling of illegal immigrants
  • Money laundering
  • Trafficking goods, people, animals
  • Fraud
  • Cyber crimes
  • International terrorism
  • Sex tourism
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6
Q

What two sides do the global criminal economy have?

A

The supply and demand side

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7
Q

What did Beck argue?

A

We are now in a state of global risk consciousness, issues are now global and we are aware of their risks

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8
Q

What is the media’s role in the knowledge that people have about issues?

A

It is used to inform people and therefore can be used to mislead people or change their perspective

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9
Q

What has been the governments’ reaction to immigration?

A
  • Trump created the boarder
  • Longer term to give ‘leave to remain’ status in the UK
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10
Q

How does globalisation link to capitalism?

A

Globalisation has led to transnational corporations switching manufacturing to low-wage countries, leading to new patterns of employment

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11
Q

What are some examples of corporate crime caused by globalisation?

A

Insider trading, tax evasion, worker rights violations

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12
Q

Why do large companies switch their production to less developed countries?

A

It is more cost-effective for the company and they have less workers right

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13
Q

How have new patterns of employment affected workers?

A
  • Created more opportunities for crime
  • Increased use of subcontracting ‘flexible workers’ who are often employed illegally
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14
Q

What do the World Bank aim to do?

A
  • End extreme poverty
  • Boost shared prosperity
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15
Q

What countries have the most power in the World Bank?

A

Out of 188 member countries, USA, Japan, France, Britain, and Germany holds over 1/3 of the voting rights

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16
Q

What does the World Bank impose on poor and developing countries?

A

Pro-capitalist, neoliberal economic structural adjustment programmes that often require the privatisation of publicly-owned services

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17
Q

What are the knock on effects from the World Bank’s negative actions?

A
  • Mass unemployment
  • Creating the economic basis for genocide in Rwanda in the 1980s (Rothe et al)
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18
Q

What are glocal organisations?
(Hobbs + Dunningham)

A

Organisations with international links yet their crime is still rooted in the local context

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19
Q

What is McMafia?
(Glenny)

A

Organisations that emerged in Russia following the fall of communism
- A new Russian mafia consisting of former KGB men that had access to goods such as oil, gas, diamonds, and metals that were sold for great profit
- This mafia was driven by economic self-interest

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20
Q

What happened in Russia due to global warming in the 2010s?

A
  • Grain production was destroyed, leading to export bans and increasing the price of grain in the global market
  • Sparked extensive rioting and looting, leading to over a dozen deaths
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21
Q

What is green crime?

A

Crime against the environment, linked to globalisation as the planet is a single eco-system

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22
Q

What are the two types of criminology?

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A
  • Traditional (uses national and international laws to determine if a crime has been committed)
  • Green (crime is any action that harms the physical environment, humans, or animals)
23
Q

What is the issue with green criminology?

Study These Flashcards
A

It is hard to define harm and therefore what counts as a crime

24
Q

What does Nigel South categorise green crime into?

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A
  • Primary (crimes that result directly from the destruction of the Earth’s resources)
  • Secondary (crime that grows out of Governments or corporations breaking rules that were created to protect the environment)
25
What are some examples of primary green crimes?
- Air pollution - Deforestation - Species decline - Water pollution
26
What are some examples of secondary green crimes?
- State violence against oppositional groups - Hazardous waste - Organised crime
27
Crimes of Air Pollution (Primary Green Crimes)
- Burning fossil fuels adds 3 billion tons of carbon to the atmosphere every year - Carbon emissions are growing by 2% per year Potential criminals: governments, businesses, consumers
28
Crimes of Deforestation (Primary Green Crimes)
- 1/5 of the world's tropical rainforest was destroyed between 1960-90s - In the Andes, the 'war on drugs' has led to pesticide spraying killing coca and marijuana plants, destroying food crops - In the Amazon, forests has been cleared to rear beef and cattle for export Potential criminals: the state, logging companies, cattle ranchers
29
Crimes of Species Crime (Primary Green Crimes)
- 50 species a day are becoming extinct - 46% mammal and 11% bird species are at risk of extinction - 70 - 95% of Earth's species live in rainforests which are under severe threat - Animal and animal parts trafficking - Dog-fights and badger-baiting is on the rise
30
Crimes of Water Pollution (Primary Green Crimes)
- Half a billion people lack access to clean water - 25 million people die yearly from drinking contaminated water - Marine pollution threatens 58% of the world's ocean reefs and 34% of fish Potential criminals: businesses dumping toxic waste, governments discarding untreated sewage into rivers and seas
31
Crimes of State Violence Against Oppositional Groups (Secondary Green Crimes)
- States condemn terrorism yet resort to similar illegal methods themselves - In 1985, the French secret service blew up a Greenpeace ship, killing a crew member - The ship wanted to prevent green crime
32
Crimes of Hazardous Waste and Organised Crime (Secondary Green Crimes)
- Disposal of toxic waster is highly profitable - Safe and legal disposal of waste is costly so businesses may seek illegal ways of disposal - Many western companies and TNCs dispose in third world countries
33
What is a strength of Green Criminology?
It is the only sociological perspective to recognise crimes against animals and the environment
34
How do Green and Ward define state crime?
'Illegal or deviant activities perpetuated by, or with the complicity of, state agencies'
35
Examples of state crimes
- Genocide - Corruption - War crimes - Health and Safety Violations
36
Why is state crime one of the most serious form of crimes?
1) The scale of state crimes 2) The state is the source of law
37
Examples of state-corporate crimes
1) The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster 1986 - The space shuttle exploded due to risky, negligent, and cost-cutting decisions made by NASA and Morton Thiokol 2) The Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig Disaster 2010 - Disaster caused by decisions made within companies and government regulators failing to oversee the industry and cost-cutting tactics
38
What war crimes were committed during the Iraq war?
- Prison torture - Secret prisons - Civilian causalities
39
What is the problem with defining state crimes?
The ones who commit the crimes often have the power to define laws and influence those who enforce them
40
What are the different ways of defining state crime?
- Domestic law - Social harms and zemiology - Labelling a societal reaction - International law
41
What is domestic law? (Chambliss)
- Acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the state
42
What the problems with domestic law?
- It ignores that the state has the power to create laws so it can avoid criminalising their own actions - Nazi Germany passed a law permitting it to compulsory sterilise the disabled
43
What are social harms and zemiology? (Michalowski)
- Legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those of illegal acts - Much harm done by states is not against the law - Looking at harm instead of legal crimes creates a single standard that can be applied to different states - Harm can be seen as vague, however
44
What is labelling a societal reaction?
- State crime is a social construction, therefore it can vary with time, location, culture, etc... - However, it is vague and ignores that audiences can be manipulated by ruling-class ideologies
45
What is international law?
- Laws created through treaties and agreements between states - The Geneva and Hague conventions - Internationally designed to deal with state crimes - Doesn't depend on the sociologist's personal definitions of harm
46
How do critical criminologists argue we should define crime?
In terms of the violation of basic human rights, rather than the breaking of legal rules
47
What basic rights do individuals have?
- No torture or degrading treatment - All equal before the law - Right to vote, privacy, fair trial, education - Right to life - Freedom of speech and religion
48
What was the Law for the Protection of German blood and German Honour
It forbade marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans
49
What did Adorno create in response to questions raised by the atrocities of the second world war?
A questionnaire that rated your likeliness to obey to authority figures
50
What are crimes of obedience?
When individuals can act in a criminal way as it is the state's enforcement of social norms on the situation
51
What 3 processes allow for crimes of obedience of occur?
1) Authorisation - acts are approved by those in authority 2) Routinisation - the act is turned into a routine that can be performed in a detached manner 3) Dehumanisation - the enemy is portrayed as sub-human
52
What 3 stages does Cohen identify for the ways states conceal and legitimise their human rights crimes?
1) It didn't happen 2) If it did happen, it's not what it looks like 3) Even if it's what you say, it's justified
53
What does Cohen argue about the different kinds of states?
Dictatorships simply deny human rights abuses, democratic states follow a more complex three stage process
54
What does Cohen argue are the 5 Neutralisation Techniques that states use?
1) Denial of Victim 2) Denial of Injury 3) Denial of Responsibility 4) Condemning the Condemners 5) Appeal to Higher Loyalty
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