what does transformation mean?
- loss of contact inhibition
- loss of anchorage
- redcued cohesion
- immortality
what does oncogene mean?
- mutated or activated gene that contributes to neoplasia
how are oncogene activated by?
- inappropriate expression
- structural alteration
what are proto-oncogene?
- unaltered cellular counterpart of an oncogene
what are tumour suppressor gene?
-gene that inhibits neoplasia
how can a tumour occur in regards to initiation and promotion?
- need for initiation and promotion
what kind of carcinomas do aromatic and azodyes cause?
bladder carcinomas
what kind of carcinomas do nitrosamines cause?
gastrointestinal carcinomas
what kind of carcinomas do nickel and chromium cause?
- lung carcinomas
what are viral oncogene?
- virus that cause cancer
what kind of carcinoma do human herpes virus 8 cause?
- kaposi sarcoma
- immunodeficiency associated lymphoma
what kind of carcinoma do hepatitis B virus cause?
hepatocellular carcinoma
what kind of carcinoma do merkel cell polyoma virus cause?
- merkel cell carcinoma
what does E6 viral oncoproteins for HPV do?
inhibits tumour suppressor p53
what does E7 viral oncoproteins for HPV do?
inhibits tumour suppressor Rb
what does EBV virus induce?
- B-cell lymphoma
- classical hodgkin lymphoma
- Nk/t cell lymphoma
- nasopharyngeal carcinoma
- gastric carcinoma
what does the LMP 1/2 viral oncoprotein do?
- mimic cell signalling
- hijack growth promoting signalling pathways
what does the EBNA - 2 viral oncoprotein do?
- function as transcription factors
what happens during G2 phase of cell cycle to ensure normal cell proliferation?
- check for accurate DNA replication
what happens during G1 phase of cell cycle to ensure normal cell proliferation?
- check for DNA damage before DNA replication
what does cyclin D/CDK4 do?
- phosphorylate Rb and release E2F
