1
Q
nurses day
A
may 12
2
Q
NALSA established in
A
1995, statutory body
3
Q
when does the model code of conduct for elections come into place and till when it is applicable ?
A
on the day the poll schedule is announced - one the day the result is announced
4
Q
which is the oldest dated printed book still in print today?
A
the diamond sutra - 868AD
found by aurel stein
5
Q
does light travel in a straight line?
A
yes
6
Q
why does glass crack when hot liquid is poured? how to prevent this?
A
glass is a bad conductor of heat if u put a metal spoon
7
Q
why does the doctors wear blue green?
A
hides the colour of blood
8
Q
why are dams thicker at the bottom than at the top?
A
water pressure is most at the bottom
9
Q
who is the current chief economic advisor?
A
V anatha nageswaran
10
Q
asiatic society started when
A
1784, william jones, literary sources discussed not material sources
11
Q
alexander cunningham
A
harappa
12
Q
john marshall which site
A
indus valley civilisation, also vertical excavation
13
Q
colin mackenzie
A
vijayanagar
14
Q
james princep
A
ashoka, decipher prakrit
15
Q
HD sankalia which period of history is he associated with
A
Stone age, HD Sankalia discovered the first Stone Age skeleton in India at the Langhnaj site in Gujarat
16
Q
what is fanam
A
gold coins
southern india
17th to 19th century
fanam is the europeanised version of the word panam which means coin
17
Q
jogalthembi
A
coins minting site
nashik maharashtra
saka king nahapana
18
Q
what is study of coins called
A
numismatics
19
Q
monetary policy committee is governed by which section of the RBI act
A
45ZB
20
Q
what is the composition of the monterary policy committee
A
6 members
3 from RBI
3 from the central govt
21
Q
quoram of the monetary policy committee
A
4
mandated to sit atleast 4 times a year
22
Q
which year is 2025
A
internatioanl year of glaciers preservation
23
Q
TAPI Project details?
A
turkmenistan - afghanistan - pakistan - india
transport natural gas from galkynysh fields of turkmenistan
24
Q
what is yellow cake
A
uranium oxide useful for nuclear plants india has been exporting the same from kazakhstan
25
BRICS coined by whom
british economist jim o neil
26
when was BRICs formed
2009
joined by south africa in 2010
27
presently who all are in BRICS
brazil, russia, china, india, south africa, iran, indonesia, egypt, uae and ethiopia
28
what is the name of the military practice between india and mongolia
nomadic elephant
29
Gangotri National Park
Uttarakhand
30
31
Bhagirati Eco Sensitive Zone
Gaumukh to Uttarkashi
32
eco sensitive zones under which act
Environment Protection Act of 1986.
33
Rambiara stream?
(in south Kashmir
34
Lidder river?
in Pahalgam
35
new motto of lokpal
empower citizen expose corruption
36
where is mettur dam located
mettur district salem tamil nadu
37
on which river is mettur dam built?
kaveri river
38
which reservoir is located on the mettur dam?
stanley reservoir
39
kaveri river origin?
brahmgiri hills western ghats
40
kaveri river tributaries
harangi, hemvati, arkvati, kabbani, bhavani, amravati
41
what are the dams constructed on the kaveri river?
krishan raja sagar dam, mettur dam, banasura sagar dam
42
when is water released on the mettur dam?
12 june
43
which is the most heavily fortified nuclear site in iran which is built underneath a mountain
fordrow/
fordo
44
which is the largest uranium enrichment facility in iran?
natanz
45
which is iran's largest nuclear research site, which was also targeted by both Israel and USA
isfahan
46
which is the last warship of the navy to have been built outside india?
INS Tamal - from russia
47
Which is the “Sword Arm” of the Indian Navy.
Western Fleet
48
Q: What is antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and how is it linked to livestock farming?
A: AMR refers to bacteria evolving resistance to antibiotics. In livestock farming, overuse of antibiotics in feed creates selective pressure for bacteria to acquire resistance genes, which can spread via waste into the environment.
49
Q: Why is insect-based feed being promoted as a sustainable alternative in livestock production?
A: It emits fewer greenhouse gases, requires less land and water, provides high-quality digestible proteins, and reduces the need for antibiotic-based growth promotion.
50
which is the birthplace of sita?
sitamarhi bihar - also where janaki temple is being built at punara dham
51
which bomb and bomber was used to attack the nuclear facilities of iran?
the GBU-57 Massive Ordnance Penetrator, or MOP
b2 stealth bombers
52
who is the main contractor of the b2 stealth bombers
Northrop Grumman as the prime contractor
53
the b2 was first deployed when?
The B-2 was first deployed in the Kosovo War in 1999.
54
Q. What is the impact of the Israel/USA v. Iran war, especially the bombing of the nuclear facility in Iran?
1. The US-Israel relationship strengthens
2. Divergence from Trump’s political agenda
US President Donald Trump has long promised not to involve the country in what he called “endless wars”, from the days of the election campaign for his first term in office (2017-21) + afghanistan retreat and he has also claimed to end the Ukraine war in 24 hours.
3. Israel’s gains
4. Threat to Iran’s air defences
5. A weakened Iran
6. Ghosts of Iraq - similar incident in 2003 when usa claimed it had weapons of mass destruction
7. Tehran is at its weakest, politically and militarily.
8. Status of Iran’s nuclear capabilities
55
who is a part of the axis of resistence against israel?
hamas and hesbollah
56
what is a strait
narrow passageway of water that connects two water bodies
57
what does the strait of hormuz connect
it connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman
58
explain the phsyiography and the importance of the strait of hormuz
The Gulf of Oman is on the Strait’s east, while the Persian Gulf is on the west
Iran is located on the north coast, while the UAE is on the south coast
It is bordered by iran oman and uae
Some of the islands located in the Strait of Hormuz are Hengam, Hormuz, and Qishm and larak
About 30% of the world’s liquefied gas and 25% of oil pass through the Strait of Hormuz
59
which is the first indigenously built project 17A stealth frigate
INS Nilgiri, the first of the indigenously built Project 17A stealth frigates
60
Q: What is the time limit for resolution under the IBC?
A: 180 days, extendable to a maximum of 330 days in exceptional cases.
61
Q: Name a landmark Supreme Court judgment that upheld the creditor hierarchy under IBC.
A: Essar Steel case
62
Q: When was the NCLT conceived and operationalized?
A: Conceived in 1999 (Eradi Committee), operationalized in 2016.
63
Q. Kishenganga is a tributary of which river
A. Jhelum
64
Ratle hydroelectric project is built on which river
chenab
65
Ratle hydroelectric project is which type of dam
gravity dam
66
Chenab is formed with the confluence of which two rivers
chandra and bhaga
67
Q. What are the tributiaries of Chenab
Miyar Nalla, Sohal, Thirot, Bhut Nalla, Marusudar, and Lidrari
68
Q. What is a gravity dam?
Q1: What is a Gravity Dam?
A gravity dam is a type of dam structure designed to withstand the force of water pressure solely through its weight. It relies on its massive weight and resistance to sliding to hold back the force of the water and maintain stability. Gravity dams are commonly built in locations where there is a solid foundation of bedrock or rock formations that can support their weight effectively
69
Q. Baghliar dam is on which river
Chenab
70
Q. Kishenganaga Hydroelectric project will lead to the development of which type of dam?
A. rock-fill dam
71
Q. What is kishenganga called in Pakistan?
Neelum
72
Q. What is a run-of-the-river dam?
A run-of-river dam, or run-of-river hydroelectric project, is a type of hydroelectric power generation that utilizes the natural flow of a river to generate electricity, without relying on a large reservoir. Instead of impounding water, it diverts a portion of the river flow through a penstock (a pipe or channel) to a powerhouse where turbines convert the water's kinetic energy into electricity
73
Q. Which article of the indus water treaty contains the dispute resolution mechanism?
Dispute Resolution Mechanism: Article IX of the IWT
74
75
what is the procedure to remove the High court judge
Under Articles 124 and 218 , judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts can be removed by the President on grounds of “proven misbehaviour” or “incapacity”.
To remove this, a resolution must be passed by both houses of the Parliament:
Majority of the total membership of the House.
A special majority of not less than two-thirds of the members present and voting at the same session .
76
what is procedure to impeach a high court judge under the judges inquiry act
Procedure under the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968:
Notice of Offer:
For this , signatures of at least 50 Rajya Sabha members or 100 Lok Sabha members are required.
After consultation the Chairman or Speaker decides whether to accept the motion or not.
Inquiry Committee constituted:
If the proposal is accepted then a three-member committee consisting of judges and a renowned jurist is formed.
The committee investigates allegations of:
If the judge is acquitted, the motion is dismissed.
If found guilty then the committee report is sent to the Parliament for voting.
Parliamentary approval:
For the President to remove a judge , both the Houses will have to pass a resolution with a special majority.
77
which new tree was discovered in asaam belonging to which genus?
Assam has yielded a new-to-science tree species belonging to the genus Garcinia, commonly referred to as thoikora in Assamese. The newly described Garcinia kusumae has been named in honour of Kusum Devi, the late mother of Jatindra Sarma, one of the authors of the study.
78
which is india's first completely transgender run clinic
sabrang clinic funded by tata trusts
79
who are girmitiyas
india's identured slaves who were taken to varipus places such as trinidad n tobago maurituius fiji etc.
80
who had defended and argued that there should be checks and balances in the emergency provisions in the constituent assembly
H.V. Kamath
81
which is the first nation to recognize the taliban
russia
82
Q. What is Helgoland?
Helgoland is a speck of red-sandstone cliffs rising from the North Sea about 50 km off of Germany’s coast.
83
Q. Max Born, Pascual Jordan, Erwin Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg
What are these scientists associated with?
quantum mechanics
84
Q. which river demarcates a part of the 510-km border between India and Myanmar.
Zokhawthar and the Tiau river
85
Q. Who all a part of the greater zo community?
The Chins of Myanmar, and the dominant Mizos of Mizoram are members of the greater Zo community, as are the Kukis, Zomis, Hmars, and Kuki-Chins (Bangladesh).
86
Q. Who will host the 2025 BRICS?
brazil
87
Q. Who will host the 2026 BRICS?
india
88
Kaptai dam is on which river?
on the Karnaphuli River
89
who is the first indian to be conferred Order of the Most Ancient Welwitschia Mirabilis in namibia
pm narenda modi
90
which is india's FIRST INDIGENOUS DIVING SUPPORT VESSEL –
‘NISTAR’
91
Green methanol is made from
green hydrogen and carbon dioxide obtained from industrial sources.
92
reen ammonia, made from ?
green hydrogen and nitrogen, is more stable.
93
94
mhadei river dispute which states?
Goa, Karnataka and Maharashtra
95
What project is being developed to honour Rajendra Chola I?
A: Chola Gangam lake development
chola gangam is also known as ponneri
96
97
which govt planning to bring new law to fight Devadasi system
karnataka
98
what are the provisions introduced ìn karnataka to protect the devdasis
Among other proposed provisions are that any child of a Devadasi will be deemed a “legitimate child” and will have the right to property with inheritance and succession as per the Hindu Personal Law. While the existing law prescribes a maximum of three-year jail term for those permitting or abetting the performance of any ceremony or act for dedicating women as a Devadasi, the proposed law increases the jail term to a maximum of five years.
99
how many times emergency was declared?
1962 (chinese aggression), 1971 (pakistan war), and 1975 (internal aggression)
100
101
gangakoikonda cholapuram is situated on which river
Kollidam River
102
which king made the gangaikonda cholapuram and why?
rajendra chola 2 son of rajaraja chola
103
musi river is present where?
hyderabad
104
kaziranga tiger reserve found where
assam
105
when is global tiger day?
29th july
106
107
when is the world day to combat desertification and drought?
june 17
108
barda sanctuary where and known for?
lions and gujarat
109
Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project
which river
which state
godavari - pranhita
telangana
110
111
what is a muon?
The muon is an elementary particle that mimics the electron in every trait except for being 207-times heavier.
112
how can the CEC be removed?
According to the Act, the CEC can be removed in the same manner and grounds as a Supreme Court judge. Parliament can dismiss the CEC by a motion with two-thirds majority in both the Houses. In order for the motion to be accepted, at least 50 members have to sign in its favour.
113
What do peacock tarantulas eat?
A: They are carnivorous and primarily eat insects.
114
Q: What is the conservation status of the Gooty tarantula?
A: Critically endangered.
115
Q: Where is the Gooty tarantula primarily found?
A: In a limited area within the deciduous forests of Andhra Pradesh, India.
116
Q: Is the Gooty tarantula considered endemic?
A: Yes, it is generally considered endemic to this specific region in Andhra Pradesh.
117
Q: What type of species is the Gooty tarantula—arboreal or terrestrial?
A: Arboreal (tree-dwelling).
118
Q: What was India’s per capita CO₂ emissions in 2022?
A: 2 tonnes (a 5% increase, but less than half the global average).
119
Q: What was the global average per capita CO₂ emissions in 2022?
A: 4.7 tonnes.
120
Q: Which country had the highest per capita CO₂ emissions in 2022?
A: The United States (14.9 tonnes).
121
Q: Which countries followed the US in per capita CO₂ emissions?
A: Russia (11.4), Japan (8.5), China (8), European Union (6.2).
122
Q: In terms of CO₂ emissions from fuel combustion, where does India rank in the Asia-Pacific region?
A: Second.
123
Q: What is the largest source of CO₂ emissions in India?
A: Electricity and heat producers.
124
Cassava is what type of plant?
: Woody shrub
125
II. Ginger is what type of plant?
Herb with
pseudostem
126
Q: What is the Jogighopha Inland Waterways Transport Terminal?
A: A transport terminal opened in February that Bhutan is set to benefit from.
127
Q: How many major hydropower projects have Bhutan and India collaborated on?
A: Five major projects.
128
Q: Name the five major hydropower projects of Bhutan–India collaboration.
A: Chukha, Tala, Mangdechhu, Kurichhu, and Punatsangchhu II.
129
Q: What are the routes of the two new India–Bhutan rail links?
A: Kokrajhar–Gelephu (Assam) and Banarhat–Samtse (West Bengal).
130
Q: How many years after joining NATO is Poland set to join the alliance’s fuel pipeline network?
A: A quarter of a century (25 years).
131
Q: What is the name of NATO’s fuel pipeline network?
A: The NATO Pipeline System (NPS).
132
Q: How long is the NATO Pipeline System?
A: About 10,000 km.
133
Q: Why didn’t NATO’s pipelines initially reach Poland’s bases?
A: The system was built during the Cold War when Poland was part of the Warsaw Pact.
134
Q: Which entities will build and operate Poland’s section of the NATO pipeline project?
A: The Polish Defence Ministry and national pipeline operator PERN.
135
Q: How long will the new pipeline in Poland be, and where will it run?
A: 300 km, from Germany to the military base in Bydgoszcz, north-central Poland.
136
Q: How does Poland rank in terms of NATO defence spending relative to GDP?
A: Poland is NATO’s leading military spender by proportion of GDP.
137
Q: What is the name of the Counter-Unmanned Aerial System Grid System developed by India?
A: ‘Saksham’.
138
Q: Which organization developed ‘Saksham’ in collaboration with the Indian Army?
A: Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), Ghaziabad.
139
Q: What does ‘Saksham’ stand for?
A: Situational Awareness for Kinetic Soft and Hard Kill Assets Management.
140
Q: What type of system is ‘Saksham’?
A: A modular, high-end Command and Control (C2) system.
141
Q: Which constitutional provision governs the appointment of District Judges in India?
A: Article 233 of the Constitution.
142
Q: What is the minimum age prescribed by the Court for appointment as a District or Additional District Judge?
A: 35 years as on the date of application.
143
Q: What two initiatives will the Prime Minister launch to boost pulse cultivation in India?
A: PM Dhan-Dhaanya Yojana and Self-Reliance in Pulses Mission.
144
Which section of the representation of people's act deals with prep and revision of electoral rolls?
Section 21 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (RP Act), deals with the preparation and revision of electoral rolls.
145
Where are the various electoral forms provided for?
these forms are provided in the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 (RER)
146
Q: What is the purpose of Form 6 under the Registration of Electors Rules (RER)?
A: Application to be submitted by new voters to be registered as electors.
147
Q: What are the qualifying dates for registration as per Section 19 of the RP Act?
.
A: 1st January, 1st April, 1st July, and 1st October of the year in which the electoral roll is prepared or revised
148
Q: Who can apply using Form 6A?
A: Overseas Electors (Non-Resident Indians) who have shifted abroad due to education, employment, or otherwise.
149
Q: What is the use of Form 7?
A: For objection to inclusion or deletion of a name in the electoral roll, either for oneself or another registered elector.
150
Q: What is the use of Form 8?
A: For shifting residence or correction of entries in the electoral roll.
151
Q: What is the purpose of Form 5?
A: Notice of publication of draft electoral roll by the Electoral Registration Officer (ERO).
152
Q: What does Form 9 contain?
A: List of applications for inclusion of names received in Form 6.
153
Q: What does Form 10 contain?
A: List of applications for objections to inclusion of names received in Form 7.
154
Q: What is recorded in Form 11A?
A: List of applications for shifting of address within the constituency received in Form 8.
155
Q: Which authority prepares and publishes Forms 9 to 11B?
A: The Electoral Registration Officer (ERO).
156
Q: When and where was the first UN peacekeeping mission established?
A: In May 1948, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) was set up in the Middle East to monitor ceasefires between Israel and Arab states.
157
Q: What are the key principles governing UN peacekeeping?
A:Consent of the parties involved
B: Impartiality
C: Non-use of force, except in self-defense or defense of the mandate
158
Q: Which UN body oversees peacekeeping operations?
A: The Department of Peace Operations (DPO), created in 1992, provides political and executive direction.
159
Q: How many peacekeeping missions are currently active?
A: As of now, there are 11 active UN Peacekeeping Missions in regions such as Western Sahara, Golan Heights, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
160
Q: When did UN Peacekeeping receive the Nobel Peace Prize?
A: In 1988, UN Peacekeeping Forces were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their contributions to world peace.
161
Q: On which river is the Sawalkote hydroelectric project located?
A: The Chenab River.
162
Q: In which Indian region is the Sawalkote project situated?
A: Ramban district, Jammu and Kashmir.
163
Q: What type of hydropower project is Sawalkote?
A: A run-of-the-river project.
164
Q: Why is the Sawalkote project significant in relation to the Indus River system?
A: It is the first major Indus river hydropower project to get environmental clearance after India suspended the Indus Waters Treaty.
165
Q: Where is Thirumalapuram located?
A: In Tenkasi district, near the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu.
166
Q: What cultural period was identified at Thirumalapuram?
A: The Iron Age culture.
167
Q: Which other archaeological sites share a similar time period with Thirumalapuram?
A: Adichanallur and Sivagalai.
168
Q: Why is the discovery at Thirumalapuram significant?
A: It marks the first-ever discovery of a rectangular stone slab chamber with urn burials in Tamil Nadu.
169
Q: What unique feature did these pottery types display that were found in thirumalapuram?
A: White-painted designs.
170
Q: Which seal species’ status was changed from “vulnerable” to “endangered”?
A: The hooded seal.
171
Q: What is the new conservation status of bearded and harp seals?
A: Near threatened.
172
Q: What ecological role do ice-dependent seals play?
A: They are keystone species—key food sources for other animals, consume fish and invertebrates, and recycle nutrients in the marine food web.
173
Q: Which species was downgraded from “endangered” due to recovery efforts?
A: The green turtle.
174
Q: What was the IUCN Red List status of the snow leopard?
A: Vulnerable
175
Operation Chakra-V is related to what
cyber fraud
176
Mandovi river location
in Goa
177
Q: What is the IMEC project?
A: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor, launched at the G-20 Summit in September 2023 to connect India with Europe via the Middle East, including Israel’s Haifa port.
178
Q: Which countries were involved in launching IMEC?
A: India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, the U.S., and the European Union.
179
Q: When was Rotavac introduced in India’s UIP?
A: In 2016.
180
Q: Which organizations were involved in the development of Rotavac?
A: Department of Biotechnology, Bharat Biotech, U.S. NIH, CDC, Stanford University, PATH, and support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
181
what is the highlight of The highlight of the Tianjin SCO summit in relation to India-China relationship?
was the Global Governance Initiative (GGI) raised by Mr. Xi, based on five basic principles.
182
Q: What does Section 53(2) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 provide?
A: If the number of candidates equals the number of seats, the Returning Officer declares them elected without a poll using Form 21 (general election) or Form 21B (casual vacancy).
183
Q: Which State had the first SIR in this cycle and why is it important?
.
A: Bihar, which became a pilot test case for the new SIR model after 21 years
184
Q: What are some State-level challenges in implementing SIR?
Political resistance in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and West Bengal.
Border and citizenship issues in West Bengal.
Social complexities in Uttar Pradesh.
Variation in past revision quality across States.
185
Q: Which constitutional articles are relevant to SIR?
A:
Article 324: Powers of the Election Commission.
Article 326: Defines an elector — universal adult suffrage.
186
Q: Which major hydropower project will PM Modi inaugurate during the visit?
A: The 1,020 MW Punatsangchhu-II Hydropower Project, financed by India through a mix of grants and loans.
187
Q: What are the two new India–Bhutan railway projects under review?
A:
Kokrajhar–Gelephu link (Assam–southern Bhutan)
Banarhat–Samtse line (West Bengal–southwestern Bhutan)
188
Q: What are the key exports expected from Bhutan’s Samtse industrial area to India?
A: Dolomite, ferro-silicon, quartzite, and stone chips — to be transported more economically via the new railway.
189
Q: When was the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) launched?
A: 15 August 1995
190
Q: Which ministry implements the NSAP?
A: Ministry of Rural Development
191
Q: What type of scheme is NSAP?
A: A fully funded Centrally Sponsored Scheme
192
Q1. What is COP30 and where is it hosted?
The 30th Conference of the Parties to UNFCCC, hosted in Belém, Brazil, entry point to the Amazon rainforest.
193
Q2. Why is COP30 called the ‘Implementation COP’?
Because it focuses on translating climate commitments into actionable results guided by the Global Stocktake.
194
Q3. What is the Global Stocktake (GST)?
A five-year review of countries’ climate actions to assess progress, identify gaps, and plan future steps.
195
Q4. What are the six key focus areas of COP30?
Energy, Industry, Transport transitions; Forests, Oceans, Biodiversity; Food systems; Urban and water resilience; Human and social development.
195
Q6. What is NCQG in climate finance?
New Collective Quantified Goal – agreed at COP29 to raise climate finance to $300 billion/year by 2035.
195
Q5. What is the Baku-to-Belém Roadmap?
A joint plan by Azerbaijan & Brazil under UNFCCC to scale finance to $1.3 trillion/year by 2035 for developing nations.
195
Q8. What is the ‘Tropical Forest Forever Facility’?
Brazil’s proposed mechanism to compensate tropical forest countries for conserving forests and biodiversity.
196
What is Bhutan’s new global initiative for peace called?
Global Peace Prayer Festival (GPPF)
197
Q. Who is the PM of Sri Lanka?
Harini Amarasuriya
198
Q. What are ‘personality rights’?
A. Rights that protect an individual’s name, likeness, voice, and other attributes of personal identity from unauthorized commercial use.
199
How significant is corneal blindness in India?
It is the second-leading cause of blindness in people aged 50+; India has about 1.2 million corneal blind persons.
200
Who was V. Rajaraman? Which award was he conferred with?
Indian computer scientist and pioneer of computer education in India.
Padma Bhushan
201
Q1. What are the three known types of magnetism now?
Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Altermagnetism.
202
Q4. How does altermagnetism differ from ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism?
It has zero net magnetisation like antiferromagnets, but spin-split electronic bands like ferromagnets.
203
Which materials show altermagnetism?
MnTe (manganese telluride) and RuO₂ (ruthenium dioxide).
204
What is the Anomalous Hall Effect in altermagnets?
A sideways voltage appears when current flows, revealing internal magnetic order.
205
What was Operation All Clear (2003)?
Bhutan’s Royal Bhutan Army, under K4’s leadership, drove out Indian insurgent groups (ULFA, NDFB, KLO) from its territory; supported by the Indian Army.
206
Who is Jigme Singye Wangchuck?
The 4th King of Bhutan (K4), father of current King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (K5); revered as the Bodhisattva King.
207
Q1: Who was James D. Watson?
A1: An American molecular biologist who co-discovered the double-helix structure of DNA.
207
Q3: Who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with James Watson?
A3: Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins.
208
Q1: When was the Booker Prize first awarded?
A1: In 1969, to promote reading and literature
209
Q2: Who won the first Booker Prize and for which novel?
A2: P.H. Newby for Something to Answer For.
210
Q3: Who was the first woman to win the Booker Prize?
A3: Bernice Rubens for The Elected Member (1970).
211
Q5: Which novel won both the “Booker of Bookers” and “Best of the Booker”?
A5: Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie.
212
Q6: What is the eligibility criterion for the Booker Prize?
A6: Any original work written in English and published in the UK.
213
Q7: When was the International Booker Prize established and how is it different?
A7: Established in 2005; it honours translated works published in the UK by person of any nationality
214
Q8: Who were the Indian winners of the International Booker Prize?
A8: Geetanjali Shree & Daisy Rockwell (2022) – Tomb of Sand;
Banu Mushtaq & Deepa Bhasthi (2024) – Heart Lamp.
215
Q9: Who won the 2024 Booker Prize?
A9: Samantha Harvey for Orbital.
216
Q10: Which Indian author is shortlisted in 2025?
A10: Kiran Desai for The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny.
217
Q1: Who won the Booker Prize 2025, for which novel?
A1: David Szalay.
A2: Flesh.
218
What is Exercise Mitra Shakti? Where is it being conducted?
A joint military exercise between India and Sri Lanka focusing on sub-conventional operations and counter-terrorism under the UN mandate (Chapter VII).
At the Foreign Training Node, Belagavi, Karnataka.
219
Q: Who has claimed that the Indian National Army (INA) was not founded by Subhas Chandra Bose?
A: Gautam Hazarika, in his book “The Forgotten Indian Prisoners of World War II.”
220
Q: Which marble from Gujarat recently received a GI tag?
A: Ambaji white marble.
221
Q: Which body granted the GI tag?
A: Geographical Indications Registry, Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
222
Q: Ambaji is located in which district?
A: Banaskantha, Gujarat
223
Q: What is Ambaji known for besides marble?
A: It is a major pilgrimage site and a Shaktipeeth.
224
Q: What ancient temple showcases the durability of Ambaji marble?
A: Dilwara Jain Temple, Mount Abu.
225
Q: How does aging of Ambaji marble compare to marble used in Taj Mahal?
A: Ambaji marble shows no loss of purity; Taj Mahal’s stones show ageing.
226
Q: What new U.S. military operation was announced in Latin America? Q: What is the stated aim of Operation Southern Spear?
A: Operation SOUTHERN SPEAR.
A: To “remove narco-terrorists,” defend the U.S. homeland, and combat drug threats.
227
Q: Under which law is the Nicobar Megapode protected?
A: Schedule I species under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 — highest protection category
228
Q: What type of bird is the Nicobar Megapode?
A: A ground-dwelling, mound-building bird known for unique nesting mounds made of soil and leaf litter.
229
Q: Which organisation developed the new generation MP-AUVs? What are MP-AUVs?
A: Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam, DRDO.
Man-portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (MP-AUVs)
230
Q: What is the primary purpose of the MP-AUVs?
A: Mine countermeasure missions.
231
Q: What key payloads do the MP-AUVs carry for detecting mines?
A: Side Scan Sonar and Underwater Cameras.
232
Q: What enables autonomous classification of mine-like objects?
A: Onboard deep-learning-based target recognition algorithms.
233
Q: When is Janjatiya Gaurav Divas celebrated?
A: 15 November, marking the birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.
234
Q: Why is the year 2024–25 significant for tribal history?
A: Celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh — 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda.
235
Q: Who was Birsa Munda?
A: Tribal freedom fighter and spiritual leader from Ulihatu, Jharkhand; known as Dharti Aaba.
236
Q: Which movement did Birsa Munda lead?
.
A: Ulgulan (The Great Tumult) — 1899–1900 for Munda self-rule and restoration of Khuntkatti land rights
237
Q: When did Birsa Munda die?
A: 1900, in Ranchi Jail at age 25.
238
Q: How many Tribal Freedom Fighters’ Museums are being established?
A: 11 museums across India
239
Q: Which ministry funds these museums?
A: Ministry of Tribal Affairs, under Support to Tribal Research Institutes scheme.
240
Q: Which states host the 11 Tribal Museums?
A: Jharkhand, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh (2), Telangana, Manipur, Mizoram, Goa.
241
Q: Largest project in cost?
A: Gujarat (Rajpipla) — ₹257.94 crore.
242
Q: Where is Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Museum located?
A: Raipur, Chhattisgarh.
243
Q: What does the museum showcase?
A:
Tribal uprisings: Halba Kranti, Bhumkal Kranti, Sarguja Kranti, etc.
244
Q: Who was Veer Narayan Singh?
A: Zamindar of Sonakhan; executed in 1857 after fighting the British and feeding famine-struck people by taking grain from British stocks.
245
Q: When was the Birsa Munda Museum inaugurated?
A: November 15, 2021 by PM Modi.
246
Q: Who was Badal Bhoi?
A: Tribal leader from Chhindwara; led protests in 1923 and 1930; died in 1940, allegedly poisoned in jail.
247
Q: Who were Raja Shankar Shah and Kunwar Raghunath Shah?
A: Gond royalty; poet-freedom fighters; executed in 1858.
248
Q: What is Adi Sanskriti?
A: Digital platform with 100+ courses, 5000 documents on tribal art forms.
249
Q: What is Adi Vaani?
A: AI-based translation tool for tribal languages (Mundari, Gondi, Bhili, Santhali, Garo, Kui).
250
Q: Which constitutional provisions protect tribal culture?
A:
Article 29 (Cultural rights)
Fifth & Sixth Schedules
PESA Act 1996
Forest Rights Act 2006
251
Q: What major step did India and Nepal take regarding trade connectivity in 2025?
A: They amended the Treaty of Transit to allow rail-based freight movement, including bulk cargo, between Jogbani (India) and Biratnagar (Nepal).
252
Q: What did the Supreme Court direct Jharkhand to declare as a wildlife sanctuary?
A: 31,468.25 hectares (≈314 sq. km.) of Saranda forest.
253
Q: What is Saranda forest famous for ecologically?
A: It is one of the world’s most pristine sal forests.
254
Q: Name critically endangered / notable species found in Saranda.
A:
Sal forest tortoise (endemic)
Four-horned antelope
Asian palm civet
Wild elephants
255
Q: Which Adivasi communities inhabit Saranda forest?
A: Ho, Munda, Uraon, and allied groups.
256
Q: Why is Saranda economically significant?
A: It holds 26% of India’s iron ore reserves; mining supports SAIL and Tata Steel.
257
Q: Which forest species is endemic to Saranda and critically endangered?
A: Sal forest tortoise.
258
Q: What major legislation will the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025 replace?
A: Seeds Act, 1966 and Seeds (Control) Order, 1983.
259
Q: How many earlier attempts to pass a Seeds Bill failed?
A: Two attempts: in 2004 (UPA) and 2019 (NDA).
260
Q: What requirement is mandatory for seed dealers under the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025?
A: Registration certificate from the State government.
261
Q: Which standards must seed varieties comply with under the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025 Bill?
A: Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS) — covering germination, genetic purity, physical purity, traits, seed health, etc.
262
Q: Why do farmer groups distrust the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025?
A: Past drafts were withdrawn due to farmers’ resistance over concerns about corporatisation and seed control.
263
What GLASS 2025 says about India?
India has one of the highest AMR rates in the world; 1 in 3 bacterial infections resistant.
264
What is ricin?
A highly toxic protein extracted from castor bean seeds.
265
Q: Under which Chemical Weapons Convention schedule is ricin listed?
A: Schedule 1 (highest risk toxin).
266
Q: What is the most famous assassination involving ricin?
A: The 1978 killing of Bulgarian journalist Georgi Markov in London.
267
Q: Where will the symbolic release of the cheetahs from botswana take place?
A: At the Mokolodi Nature Reserve.
268
Q: What is the new application fee for a GI tag in India?
A: ₹1,000.
268
A: Kannadippaya (bamboo mat), which has recently received a GI tag is from which state?
Kerela
268
Q: Apatani textile, which recently recieved GI tag is from which state?
Arunachal Pradesh
268
Q: Marathandam honey, which recently recieved a GI tag is from which state?
Tamil Nadu
269
Q: Lepcha Tungbuk, which recently recieved GI tag is from which state?
Sikkim
269
Q: Bodo Aronai, which recently recieved GI tag is from which state?
Assam
269
270
Q: Bedu & Badri cow ghee., which recently recieved GI tag is from which state?
Uttrakhand
270
Q: What does Section 128 of the BSA protect? Q: What are the exceptions under Section 128?
A: Confidential communications between spouses during marriage—protected even after dissolution.
A: Cases involving crimes by one spouse against the other, or suits between the spouses.
271
Q: What does Section 129 of the BSA bar?
A: Disclosure of unpublished official records relating to affairs of the State without departmental approval.
272
Q: Which provision prohibits advocates from disclosing professional communications?
A: Section 132, BSA 2023.
273
Q: What are the three exceptions under Section 132 to lawyer’s confidentiality?
Client consents.
Communication made for illegal purposes.
Lawyer observes crime being committed during employment.
273
Q: What did the SC hold regarding summons to lawyers?
A: Lawyers cannot be compelled to disclose client communications unless an exception under Section 132 exists.
273
Q: Which landmark cases did SC cite to underline right to counsel?
A:
M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra (1978)
Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar (1980)
274
Q: What is an “active worker” under MGNREGS?
A: Someone who has worked at least one day in the past three years.
275
Q: Which temple will feature the stone nagaswaram during its December 1 kumbabishekam?
A: Adikumbeshwarar Temple, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu.
276
Q: What is seevali?
A: The reed used in nagaswaram instruments—here, the timiri-type seevali is used.
277
Q: Where has the Indian Army set up three new garrisons?
A:
Lachit Borphukan Military Station – Dhubri district, Assam
Kishanganj – Bihar
Chopra – West Bengal
278
Q: Which Corps is responsible for guarding Sikkim & the Siliguri Corridor?
A: Tri-Shakti Corps (XXXIII Corps).
279
What does the DPDP Act require from data fiduciaries?
Answer:
Access control & encryption
Security audits (especially for significant data fiduciaries)
Informed consent from users
Data deletion upon request or inactivity
Appointment of Data Protection Officer (DPO) for large firms
280
Has the Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) been formed?
Answer:
Yes. The Rules triggered the DPBI’s formation.
It will be a four-member body under MeitY.
281
Answer:
15. What change did the DPDP Act make to Section 8(1)(j) of RTI?
Section 8(1)(j) — dealing with exemptions for “personal information.”
Answer:
It removed the public interest override, meaning:
Government bodies may now deny disclosure of personal information even if public interest demands it.
282
Q: What are the National Gopal Ratna Awards (NGRA)?
A: Awards given by the Union Ministry of Animal Husbandry to recognize excellence in the dairy sector, especially in rearing indigenous cattle and buffalo breeds.
283
Q: When are the National Gopal Ratna Awards presented?
A: On November 26, as part of National Milk Day celebrations.
284
Which flagship scheme focuses on welfare saturation for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?
PM-JANMAN.
285
DAJGUA scheme aims to saturate development in which areas?
💡 Scheduled Tribe (ST) villages.
285
Q: What uses of neurotechnology are explicitly prohibited under UNESCO guidelines?
A: Political manipulation, commercial exploitation of neural data, medical coercion, and deceptive/manipulative interventions.
285
Q: Which country first recognized neurorights constitutionally?
A: Chile, guaranteeing mental integrity and protection from neurotech manipulation.
286
287
Q1. Who was Batukeshwar Dutt and what major revolutionary action is he remembered for?
A1. An Indian revolutionary who, along with Bhagat Singh, carried out the 1929 Central Assembly bombing to protest colonial repression.
288
Q4. What pamphlet was distributed by the bhagat singh and batukeshwar dutt during the Assembly bombing?
A4. "To Make the Deaf Hear".
289
Q: Which body hears appeals against Data Protection Board decisions?
A: TDSAT (Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal).
289
Q: Define Data Fiduciary.
A: An entity that determines the purpose and means of processing personal data.
290
Q: Maximum penalty for security safeguard failure under the DPDP Act?
A: Up to ₹250 crore.
291
Q: What is the penalty for breach notification failure?
A: Up to ₹200 crore.
292
Q: Which Section of RTI Act is amended by DPDP for privacy balance?
A: Section 8(1)(j).
293
UDAN – Full form
Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik
294
Proposed Outlay (Modified UDAN) amd Break-up of Outlay
₹30,000 crore
₹18,000 cr – airport development; ₹12,000 cr – VGF
294
First UDAN flight
Shimla → Delhi (April 2017)
295
Q3. What is the IUCN status of Dugongs?
A: Vulnerable.
296
Q4. What is their legal protection status of dugongs in India?
A: Schedule I of Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
297
Q5. Approximate population estimates of Dugongs in India?
A: Government: ~200 (2012 report); current estimates: <250 to 450 total
Largest group: Palk Bay–Gulf of Mannar (150–200
298
Q3. Where were the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale recently observed for the first time in the wild?
A: Along the coast of Baja California, Mexico.
298
Q1. What is the scientific name of the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale?
A: Mesoplodon ginkgodens
299
Q2. Which taxonomic group do the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale belong to?
A: Beaked whales — second most diverse group of cetaceans after dolphins
300
Q1. Which specialised teams handle suspected explosives during seizures?
A: Bomb Detection Team (BDT) and Bomb Disposal Squad (BDS).
301
Q2. Which organisation must be informed for destruction of explosives?
A: Controller of Explosives, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO).
302
Q3. Where should seized explosives be stored initially?
A:
Isolated location, away from ignition sources
Preferably in licensed explosive magazines
If unavailable → open stadium with security
303
Q5. Which authority gives permission for destruction of seized explosives?
A: Judicial Magistrate, after registration of FIR.
304
Q6. What is a key property of explosive transport vans?
A:
Aluminium exterior and wooden interior
Designed to safely discharge electric charge
Contains damage if blast occurs during transit
305
Q: Which ministry released the NIC 2025?
A: Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
305
Q: When was NIC 2025 released and on what occasion?
A: Released on 18 November 2025 during the Culmination Ceremony of 75th anniversary of NSS and World Statistics Day 2025 at Udaipur.
306
Q: NIC 2025 is aligned with which international classification?
A: ISIC Revision 5 (International Standard Industrial Classification) by UN Statistics Division.
307
Q: Under which Article was the Reference made?
A: Article 143 — Presidential Reference to Supreme Court for its opinion.
308
Q: What was the Supreme Court’s key opinion regarding judicial interference?
A: Courts cannot fetter President/Governor with one-size-fits-all timelines or assume deemed assent — this would violate separation of powers.
309
Q: Can courts review the merits of a Governor’s decision?
A: ❌ No — merits are not judicially reviewable.
310
Is the Governor bound by the aid and advice tendered by the Council of Ministers under Article 200?
The Governor enjoys discretion and is not bound by the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
310
Q: Does the Governor enjoy immunity from court proceedings?
A: Yes — absolute immunity under Article 361.
311
What are the constitutional options before a Governor when a Bill is presented to him under Article 200 of the Constitution?
To assent, reserve the Bill for the consideration of the President, or withhold assent and to return the Bill to the legislature with comments if the Bill is not a Money Bill.
312
Is Article 361 an absolute bar to judicial review in relation to the actions of a Governor under Article 200?
Article 361 is an absolute bar on judicial review in relation to personally subjecting the Governor to judicial proceedings.
313
Can timelines be imposed under Article 200?
It is not appropriate as the Constitution is silent.
314
Q: At which COP was the Just Transition Work Programme established and operationalised?
A:
Established: COP27 (2022)
Operationalised: COP28 (2023)
314
where is the sangai festival held?
manipur
314
Why is the AMR burden high on India?
Recent WHO data shows India faces one of the world’s highest AMR burdens, with one in three infections resistant to common antibiotics due to misuse, high disease load, and weak surveillance systems.
315
Where is Gandhi sagar national park?
MP
316
What is the impact of AMR?
AMR affects not only human health but also agriculture, veterinary practices, water, soil, and food systems, making the One Health approach essential.
316
Q3: What is the national target for reducing snakebite mortality?
Reduce deaths by 50% by 2030
317
Q1. When and where was the ICDS programme launched?
Launched in 1975 as a pilot in T. Narsipur, Mysuru district, Karnataka.
318
Q3. Which government restructuring merged ICDS recently?
Mission Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 (2021-22).
319
Q. Which of the following correctly describes the strategic relevance of the Chabahar Port?
It provides India direct maritime access to Afghanistan bypassing Pakistan.
It is jointly developed by India and Iran.
It connects to the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).
Correct answer: 1, 2 and 3
320
What are G-Sec (Government Securities)
Debt instruments issued by the Government of India for borrowing. Includes T-Bills (<1 year) and dated securities (>1 year).
321
What is the repo rate?
The repo rate is the rate at which banks borrow money from the RBI. A lower repo rate increases liquidity and generally leads to lower interest rates in the economy.
322
How does a fall in repo rate normally affect G-Sec yields?
Lower repo rate → higher liquidity → higher demand for G-Secs → higher bond prices → lower yields.
(Price ↑ → Yield ↓)
322
What is the relationship between bond price and yield?
Bond price and yield move inversely:
Price ↑ → Yield ↓
Price ↓ → Yield ↑
323
Why may G-Sec yields rise even if the repo rate is reduced?
Yields may rise if inflation expectations increase, fiscal deficit rises (more govt borrowing), or risk perception worsens—because investors demand higher returns.
| Yields can rise due to:
🔹 1. Higher Expected Inflation
If inflation i
323
Front: What major nuclear disaster led Japan to shut down its reactors in 2011?
Back: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, triggered by an earthquake and tsunami.
323
Front: What is the world’s biggest nuclear power plant?
Back: The Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.
324
What is an interstellar object?
A celestial body originating outside the Solar System, moving through it on a hyperbolic orbit, not gravitationally bound to the Sun.
325
Name the three interstellar objects discovered so far.
1I/ʻOumuamua (2017), 2I/Borisov (2019), 3I/Atlas (2025).
326
When will Comet 3I/Atlas make its closest approach to Earth?
December 19, 2025, at 170 million miles.
326
Q1. Chandigarh was proposed to be brought under which provision of the Constitution through the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2025?
Article 240
326
Q2. What administrative change was proposed under the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill regarding Chandigarh?
Appointment of a Lieutenant Governor instead of the Punjab Governor acting as Administrator.
327
Q6. Which Union Territories are governed directly under Article 240 (without legislatures)?
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Lakshadweep
Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Daman & Diu
Puducherry (only when Assembly is dissolved or suspended)
327
Q1. What is Pensionnat De Jeunes Filles known for?
It is India’s only French-medium girls' high school run by a government.
328
Q: Who brought the Pala-style Vinayagar idol to Tamil Nadu?
A: Rajendra Chola I, after his conquest of Bengal.
328
Q: Which dynasty originally created the Vinayagar idol found in Nageswaran Temple, Tamil Nadu?
A: The Pala dynasty of Bengal and Bihar (8th–12th century).
328
Q: What title is given to the Vinayagar idol in the Nageswaran Temple?
A: Gangaikonda Vinayagar.
328
Q: Which early Tamil devotional literature first referenced Vinayagar?
A: Thevaram hymns of Thirugnanasambandar and Thirunavukkarasar.
328
Q: Did Pallava rock-cut temples feature Vinayagar icons?
A: No, Pallava temples did not include Vinayagar imagery.
329
Q: Which country hosted the first G-20 Summit held in Africa?
A: South Africa.
330
Q: The African grey parrot is classified under which IUCN status category?
A: Endangered.
331
Q: The African grey parrot is listed under which appendix of CITES?
A: Appendix I.
332
Q: Name one major requirement for legally breeding the African grey parrot in India.
A: CITES import permit / DGFT import licence / approval from Chief Wildlife Warden (any one acceptable).
333
What is TFFF?
Tropical Forests Forever Facility — $125B conservation fund using performance-based financing
334
Q: What was the key outcome of COP3 (Kyoto, 1997)?
A: The Kyoto Protocol, the first legally binding treaty requiring developed (Annex I) nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Note: Expired in 2020 and was replaced by the Paris Agreement.
335
Q: What is the central aim of the Paris Agreement (COP21, 2015)?
A: To limit global warming to well below 2°C, preferably 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, with a 5-year NDC review cycle.
335
Q: What was the Kyoto Protocol?
A: The first legally binding greenhouse gas emissions reduction treaty.
335
Q: What is the review mechanism under the Paris Agreement?
A: A 5-year cycle of updating NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions).
335
Q: What major national initiative did India announce at COP26 (Glasgow, 2021)?
A: The Panchamrit Plan, including:
500 GW renewable energy capacity by 2030
Net-zero emissions target by 2070
335
Q: Which COP resulted in the Paris Agreement?
A: COP21 (Paris, 2015).
336
Q: How many countries adopted the Paris Agreement?
A: 195 countries.
336
Q: What is the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement?
A: Limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, ideally below 2°C.
336
Q: What was the major renewable target in India’s Panchamrit declaration?
A: Achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.
337
Q: What is India's net-zero target announced at COP26?
A: Net-zero emissions by 2070.
337
Q: At which COP was the Loss and Damage Fund officially launched?
A: COP28 (Dubai, 2023).
announced in the previous COP
338
Q: What major financial commitment emerged from COP15?
A: Creation of a $100 billion annual climate fund for developing nations.
which happened at coppenhagen and this was non binding in nature
338
Q: What key energy commitment was made at COP28?
A: Countries agreed to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030.
338
Q: Which social group received increased emphasis at COP28?
A: Indigenous Peoples
338
Q: What major acknowledgment occurred at COP28?
A: Formal recognition that fossil fuels are the primary cause of climate change.
339
Q: Which COP resulted in a new climate finance deal?
A: COP29 (Baku, 2024).
340
Q: What was the financing commitment from COP29?
A: Developed countries committed to provide $300 billion per year by 2035 to developing nations.
341
Q: Which country will host COP31 (2026)?
A: Türkiye.
342
Q: How was the COP31 host decided?
A: By regional consensus — not by voting - so if two candidates one has to withdraw
343
Q: Who will host COP32 (2027)?
A: Ethiopia (Addis Ababa).
344
Q: Which country intends to host COP33 (2028)?
A: India.
344
Q: Has India hosted a COP before?
A: Yes — COP8 in 2002 (New Delhi).
344
Q: Which regions rotate ownership of COP hosting?
Africa
Asia-Pacific
Eastern Europe
Latin America & Caribbean
Western Europe & Others
(Each region takes turns.)
345
what are the four labour codes related to?
wages, industrial relations, social security and occupational safety, helath and working conditions.
346
What was the reccommendation of the sarkaria commission on governor's descretion?
The Governor should use discretionary power only when a Bill clearly violates the Constitution, and only then may the Governor independently send it to the President — otherwise, the Governor must follow the advice of the elected government.
346
What was the reccommendation of the punnchi commission on governor's timeline?
With respect to time limits, the Punchhi Commission (2010), had recommended that the Governor should take a decision with respect to a Bill presented for his/her assent within a period of six months
347
what was the decision of the court in KM Singh case?
K. M. Singh case (2020), had stipulated a time limit of three months for Speakers to decide on disqualification petitions though no time limit has been prescribed in the Constitution.
348
What was Operation Pawan?
Operation Pawan was the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) mission in Sri Lanka launched in 1987 to enforce the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord and counter LTTE insurgency.
349
What was unique about this year’s Operation Pawan remembrance ceremony?
For the first time, the Army Chief formally participated; earlier commemorations were attended only by veterans and families of fallen soldiers.
350
Q: What type of volcano is Hayli Gubbi?
A: It is a shield volcano, known for broad, gently sloping sides formed from thin, fluid lava flows.
351
Q: What materials make up Hayli Gubbi volcano?
A: Mostly dark basaltic lava, along with silica-rich rocks like trachytes and rhyolites.
352
Q: Why was the recent eruption Hayli Gubbi explosive even though shield volcanoes are usually calm?
A: The silica-rich magma traps dissolved gases, which can erupt explosively when released.
353
Q: Why did Hayli Gubbi erupt after being dormant for at least 12,000 years?
A: Due to tectonic plate movement causing mantle rock to rise and melt, slowly building pressure in shallow magma chambers.
354
Q: Which tectonic plates are involved near Hayli Gubbi?
A: The African and Arabian plates, which are pulling apart at the East African Rift.
355
Q: Which Supreme Court judgment laid the guidelines for appointment of a State DGP?
A: Prakash Singh vs Union of India (2006).
356
Q: What is the minimum tenure mandated by the Supreme Court for a State DGP?
A: Two years, regardless of superannuation
357
Q: Who prepares the panel of eligible IPS officers for the post of DGP as per SC guidelines?
A: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC).
357
Front: What advanced Russian air defence system is India considering acquiring?
Back: The S-500 system (next-generation missile interception platform).
358
What is the interception capability of the S-500 system?
Up to 600 km for ballistic missiles and 400 km for airborne targets.
359
What codename has the S-400 system been given in Indian service?
Sudarshan Chakra
360
What recent Indian operation demonstrated the strategic value of the S-400 system?
Operation Sindoor
361
What is “Operation Sagar Bandhu”?
An Indian relief operation to provide essential supplies to cyclone-battered Sri Lanka.
362
Which cyclone prompted India to launch Operation Sagar Bandhu?
cyclone Ditwah.
363
What is syntactic foam and why is it important for Samudrayaan?
Special cladding that provides buoyancy, allowing the submersible to float and maintain stability in deep-sea operations.
363
What is Samudrayaan and its significance?
India’s first manned deep-sea submersible mission, targeting a 6,000-metre dive, crucial for ocean floor exploration and mining precious metals.
364
Q: Which country recently criminalised femicide with life imprisonment?
A: Italy, on 25 November 2025.
365
Q: What is the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Council and how is it structured?
A: The IMO Council is the executive body of the IMO between Assembly sessions. It has 40 elected members across three categories, with Category B comprising 10 countries with the largest interest in international seaborne trade.
365
Q: What is the significance of Category B in the IMO Council?
A: It includes countries with the largest interest in international seaborne trade, giving them influence on global maritime policies and regulations.
365
What is the primary strategic aim of the Great Nicobar Project?
The primary strategic aim of the Great Nicobar Island Project is to capture a significant portion of India’s transhipped cargo, which is currently handled by foreign ports, especially in Southeast Asia.
366
Who concieved the idea of the Great Nicobar Project, and which it is under which ministry?
The project was conceived by NITI Aayog, Ministry of Shipping and other relevant government agencies involved in infrastructure development.
367
What is the geostrategic importance of the great nicobar project?
The geostrategic location of the Great Nicobar Island, situated near the Malacca Strait, is a key driver for the project. This will significantly bolster India’s tri-services military command and enhance its strategic presence in the Indian Ocean region.
368
Which of the following best describes the strategic significance of ‘Exercise Trishul’, recently conducted by India?
It validated **tri-service interoperability** along the **western frontier** for **integrated theatre operations.**
369
Q: How do wind turbines generate electricity?
A: Wind turbines harness aerodynamic lift on rotor blades caused by wind. The blades rotate, converting **kinetic energy **of wind into **mechanical energy**, which is then transformed into **electrical energy** via a generator.
370
Q: What is the difference between onshore and offshore wind farms?
A: Onshore wind farms are installed on land. Offshore wind farms are located in shallow coastal or deep-sea waters, where wind speeds are higher and more consistent.
371
Rashtriya Ekta Diwas, recently in the news, is observed annually to:
Mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and reaffirm the spirit of national unity.
372
Q: Between which latitudes do cyclones typically form, and why?
A: Cyclones usually form between 5° and 20° latitude in both hemispheres, where the Coriolis force is strong enough to initiate rotation.
373
Q: What role do warm sea surface temperatures play in cyclone formation?
A: Sea surface temperatures above 26.5°C to a depth of ~50 meters provide energy for cyclones, fueling convection essential for tropical cyclone development.
374
Q: Why is low vertical wind shear important for tropical cyclone formation?
A: Low vertical wind shear allows the cyclone to stay vertically aligned, maintaining organized convection and intensifying the storm, whereas high shear disrupts its structure and prevents development.
375
Q: What are the key features of the Paris Agreement regarding emission targets and NDCs?
A: The Paris Agreement allows countries to set voluntary Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) **instead of legally binding targets,** and requires all Parties to update their NDCs every **five years** to progressively increase climate ambition.
376
The Loss and Damage Fund established under the UNFCCC primarily aims to:
Provide financial assistance to nations facing irreversible impacts of climate change.
377
Q: What recent discoveries highlight Great Nicobar’s biodiversity?
A: A newly described wolf snake (Lycodon irwini) and a potentially new species of bird called the Great Nicobar Crake.
377
Q: How many new species have been reported from Great Nicobar since 2021?
A: Nearly 40 new species, including frogs, crabs, geckos, and insects.
377
Q: What is significant about the Great Nicobar Crake?
A: It has been photographed only three times in over a decade and may be a new species based on unique morphological features.
377
Q: How biodiverse is Great Nicobar Island?
A: It has 650 plant species and over 1,800 animal species, with around 24% endemism.
377
Q: What event did PM Modi urge people to join to strengthen national unity?
A: The Kashi Tamil Sangamam under the theme “Learn Tamil-Tamil Karkalam”.
378
Q: What major aviation facility was inaugurated in Hyderabad?
A: The world’s largest LEAP engine MRO facility.
379
What is LEAP?
LEAP = Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion
A new-generation turbofan aircraft engine developed by CFM International (GE Aviation USA + Safran France).
Commonly used in popular aircraft like Airbus A320neo and Boeing 737 MAX
380
Where is the Baikonur Cosmodrome located?
Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan, but is leased and operated by Russia under an agreement valid until 2050.
380
How does hypoxia influence pancreatic cancer metastasis according to IIT-Bombay findings?
Hypoxia → biochemical rewiring → membrane & cytoskeleton adjustment → cells become more mobile → cancer spreads faster.
381
Why is Baikonur historically significant?
It was the launch site of:
Sputnik 1 (1957) — first artificial satellite
Vostok 1 (1961) — first human spaceflight carrying Yuri Gagarin
382
Name two major accidents associated with Baikonur Cosmodrome.
1960 Nedelin catastrophe: R-16 missile explosion killing many personnel.
2025 Soyuz MS-28 accident: Damage to Site 31/6 service platform causing suspension of crewed launches.
383
How can digital arrests be tackled?
The Court also directed:
RBI to explore use of AI/ML to trace money laundering.
Interpol coordination to tackle cross-border cybercrime havens.
Online intermediaries to share data and cooperate under the IT Rules, 2021.
Telecom operators to regulate SIM issuance and prevent misuse.
Establishment of regional cybercrime coordination centres, linked to I4C (Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre).
384
Which law governs state consent for CBI?
Section 6, Delhi Special Police Establishment Act.
384
Q: Why is the Kosi river often referred to as the “river of sorrow”?
A: Due to recurring devastating floods that displace people and damage livelihoods.
385
Q: Where does the Kosi originate and where does it join the Ganga?
A: Originates in Tibet and Nepal, joins the Ganga in Bihar.
386
Q: What major flood event occurred in Bihar in August 2008?
A: Kosi breached its embankment at Kusaha (Nepal), affecting 33 lakh people and killing over 400.
387
Q: What did the G.R. Garg Committee (1951) warn about embankments?
A: They disrupt a river’s natural functions; effective only if silt load is low.
388
Q: What is the Colombo Security Conclave (CSC)?
A: A regional security grouping in the Indian Ocean aimed at cooperation in maritime security, counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, trafficking, and organised crime.
388
Q: What are the consequences of embankments on high-silt rivers like Kosi and Brahmaputra?
A: Siltation, reduced river depth, raised river bed → increased flood risk.
389
Q: Which countries are full members of the CSC as of 2025?
A: India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Mauritius, Bangladesh, and Seychelles.
390
Q: Which country attended the 2025 CSC summit as a guest?
A: Malaysia.
391
Q: When was the CSC originally initiated and which countries were part of it?
A: Initiated in 2011 as a trilateral between India, Sri Lanka, and Maldives.
392
Q: What is the key difference between influent and affluent rivers, relevant to embankment policy?
A:
Influent (West): precipitation decreases downstream → embankments may work.
Affluent (East): precipitation increases downstream → embankments unstable
393
Q: What are palaeochannels and why are they suggested as part of the solution?
A: Ancient abandoned river channels that help spread and contain floodwaters naturally.
394
Q: Why did the CSC lose momentum initially? Q: What revived the platform and under what name?
A: Due to political transitions in member countries and lack of consensus on security priorities.
A: The grouping reconvened in 2020 under the name Colombo Security Conclave.
394
Q1. The term ‘Circular Economy’, recently seen in the news, primarily refers to:
B. An economic model focused on reusing, repairing, recycling and redesigning materials and products to extend their lifecycle
394
Which newspapers/journals were edited by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar edited the following publications:
Mooknayak (1920)
Bahishkrut Bharat (1927)
Janata (1930) → later renamed Prabuddha Bharat (1956)
395
Who is responsible for conducting aircraft accident investigations in India?
Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB)
395
which is the country's largest operational nuclear power plant
kundankulam tamil nadu
396
397
Countries bordering the Arctic Ocean are:
*
Russia
* Canada
* United States (Alaska)
* Norway
* Denmark (Greenland)
398
Q: What are Masala Bonds?
A: Rupee-denominated bonds issued outside India to raise funds from foreign investors.
399
Q: Who issues Masala Bonds?
✔️ A: Indian entities such as corporations, NBFCs, and government bodies (not RBI).
400
Q: In Masala Bonds, who bears the currency risk?
✔️ A: The foreign investor (not the Indian issuer).
401
Q: Under which framework are Masala Bonds issued?
✔️ A: External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) framework.
402
Q: First organization to issue Masala Bonds?
✔️ A: International Finance Corporation (IFC) in 2014, on behalf of India.
403
Q: Main benefit of Masala Bonds for India?
✔️ A: Attract foreign capital without exposing Indian issuers to exchange rate fluctuations.
404
Q: Where is the new naval detachment being developed in Lakshadweep?
✔️ A: Bitra Island.
405
Q: Which earlier commission flagged the need for proper classification of Denotified, Nomadic, and Semi-Nomadic Tribes communities?
✔️ A: The Idate Commission Report (2017).
406
Front: What is the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)?
Back: NATGRID is a secure platform that allows police and investigating agencies to access multiple government and private databases in real time for intelligence and investigation purposes.
407
Front: Why was NATGRID conceptualised?
Back: It was conceptualised in 2009 after the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks to improve intelligence coordination and prevent future terror incidents.
408
Q: What type of drugs are GLP-1 therapies primarily used for?
✔️ A: Long-term treatment of obesity in adults.
409
Front: Who can now access NATGRID?
Back: Access has expanded from 10 Central agencies to Superintendent of Police (SP)-rank officers in State police forces.
410
Q: What is the ecological difference in biomass distribution between grasslands and forests?
A: Forests: majority biomass above ground (trunks, branches).
Grasslands: majority productivity below ground (deep fibrous roots).
411
Front: What major advantage does NATGRID provide to investigators?
Back: It consolidates data from multiple sources into one platform, enabling faster intelligence analysis without the need for an FIR.
412
Q: Why are grasslands more effective for soil carbon sequestration than forests in dry regions?
A: Their underground root systems store long-term stable carbon in soil organic carbon (SOC), which remains largely unaffected even by fires.
413
What is the status of Vande Mataram in India?
It is the National Song of India, approved by the Constituent Assembly, distinct from the National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana).
413
Who wrote Vande Mataram and in which work did it appear?
It was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and appears in the novel Anand Math.
414
# Wh
What are the areas of cooperation between India and Russia?
maritime connectivity, Arctic cooperation, and skilled labour exports complement traditional defence and nuclear ties
414
When and by whom was Vande Mataram first sung publicly?
It was first sung by Rabindranath Tagore at the 1896 Congress session.
415
Which animals do Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes primarily feed on and transmit diseases to?
Culex mosquitoes → Commonly feed on birds and sometimes reptiles, and act as vectors for diseases like Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Virus.
Anopheles mosquitoes → Prefer mammals, especially humans, and are the primary vectors of malaria.
416
What does neurotechnology entail?
Neurotechnology refers to tools that directly record, monitor or influence brain activity, with Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) at the core. BCIs translate neural signals into digital commands, enabling control of prosthetics, communication devices, or neural stimulation therapies.
417
What are the uses of neurotechnology in India?
India needs neurotechnology due to its rising burden of neurological disorders—stroke, paralysis, Parkinson’s and depression—and its growing strengths in AI, biotech and engineering.
418
What did the Supreme Court clarify about CAA?
Citizenship under CAA is not automatic; every applicant must satisfy naturalisation conditions, and the government must verify each claim individually.
419
What is the main objective of CAA 2019?
To provide a pathway to Indian citizenship for persecuted non-Muslim minorities from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.
420
Which communities are eligible under CAA?
Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, Christians.
421
What is the cut-off date for entry into India under CAA?
On or before 31 December 2014, even if without valid travel documents.
422
How does CAA treat eligible migrants?
They are not considered illegal migrants, enabling them to apply for registration or naturalisation. and the residency requirement has been reduced from 11 years to 6 years
423
Where does the CAA NOT apply?
Sixth Schedule areas: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura
Inner Line Permit states: Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur
424
How does CAA conflict with the Assam Accord?
Assam Accord set 24 March 1971 as the cut-off; CAA extends it to 2014, raising demographic and cultural concerns.
425
What is the concern regarding CAA, NRC, and SIR?
CAA may selectively include, while NRC/SIR may exclude, risking disenfranchisement of minorities.
425
What does Article 11 empower Parliament to do?
To make laws regulating citizenship, leading to enactment of the Citizenship Act, 1955.
426
Theme for Human Rights Day 2025
“Human Rights, Our Everyday Essentials.”
426
When is Human Rights Day observed?
10 December, commemorating the adoption of UDHR in 1948, celebrated since 1950 after the official declaration of UNGA
## Footnote
UDHR IS NOT BINDING
426
Is the UDHR legally binding?
No, but it forms the foundation of international human rights law and influences many national constitutions/laws.
426
Composition of NHRC
Chairperson (former CJI or SC judge), other judicial members, human rights experts, and ex-officio members of national commissions.
426
# ****
What is NHRC?
A statutory body created in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act.
427
Are NHRC recommendations binding?
No — NHRC has civil court powers, but its recommendations are not binding.
428
Red notice issued by interpol is for which purpose?
Purpose: Locate and provisionally arrest a wanted person (for prosecution or to serve a sentence).
429
Yellow Notice by interpol
Purpose: Locate missing persons (often minors) or identify persons unable to identify themselves.
430
Blue Notice by interpol
Purpose: Collect additional information about a person’s identity, location, or activities related to a crime.
431
Black Notice issued by interpol
Purpose: Seek information on unidentified bodies.
432
Green Notice issued by interpol
Purpose: Provide warnings about persons who pose a potential threat to public safety due to criminal activities.
433
Orange Notice issued by interpol
Purpose: Warn of serious and imminent threats: dangerous persons, objects, bombs, methods.
434
Purple Notice issued by interpol
Purpose: Information on modus operandi, tools, devices, hiding methods used by criminals.
435
Silver Notice (Pilot Phase) issued by interpol
Purpose: Identify and trace criminal assets.
436
my study portal 3
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
current affairs502
-
current affairs #2195
-
january 2026396
-
february 202684
-
march 202692
-
April 202633
-
geography226
-
history66
-
polity23
-
art and culture: performing arts179
-
Constitution Articles9
-
Environment International Conventions I275
-
Environment International Conventions II35
-
Animals and animal habits21
-
Environment Measures (Other than conventions and legislations)22
-
Places in news8
