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daf Flashcards

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1
Q

Population

A

group of interacting organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time

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2
Q

What are populations bound by

A

geography, behavior, resources, and convenience

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3
Q

Population structure

A

features of population that characterize the population

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4
Q

Biotic structure

A

of individuals and density, age classes

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5
Q

Spatial structure

A

geographic distribution, and spatial arrangement of individuals

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6
Q

Geographic distribution

A

arrangement and size of habitats

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7
Q

Spatial arrangement of individuals

A

dispersion and spacing

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8
Q

Niche according to professor

A

what role they play in their ecosystem and how they affect the life in those ecosystems

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9
Q

Niches

A

summarized environmental factors that influence reproduction of species, growth, and survival

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10
Q

Hutchinsons niche

A

n dimensional hyper volume, which creates a huge group

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11
Q

N equates

A

number of environmental factors important to survival and reproduction of species

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12
Q

Limiting resources

A

one or few resources that establish maximum population size

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13
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Range of abiotic conditions species can persist

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14
Q

Realized niche

A

includes interactions such as competition that may restrict environments where a species may live

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15
Q

Distribution limits

A

physical environment limits geographic distribution of a species, organisms can only compensate so much for environmental variation

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16
Q

Geographic range (spatial structure)

A

measure of the total area covered by a population

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17
Q

Ecological range(spatial structure)

A

species range of conditions

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18
Q

Spatial structure constrained by

A

geographic barriers, distance, physical features, and competitions

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19
Q

Five important characteristics if population distributions

A

geographic range, abundance, density, dispersion, dispersal

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20
Q

Ubiquitous or cosmopolitan species

A

geographically widespread distribution

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21
Q

Endemic species

A

geographically restricted distribution, many endemic species have specialized habitat requirements

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22
Q

Density

A

number of individuals in an area

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23
Q

Abundance

A

actual number/biomass of organisms

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24
Q

Dispersion

A

spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population

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25
Clustered dispersion (clumped or aggregated)
patter of population dispersion in which individuals are aggregated in discrete groups
26
Factors of clustered dispersion
heterogenous resource distribution, abundant where found, mutual attraction between individuals, weak dispersal tendencies
27
Evenly spaced dispersion (regular, uniform, even)
maintains a uniform distance between itself and its neighbors
28
Factors of evenly spaced dispersion
homogenous resource distribution, relatively common but likely somewhat limited, individuals avoid one another
29
Individuals avoid one another because
aggressive behaviors and competition, strong dispersal tendencies
30
Random dispersion
position of each individual is independent of the position of other individuals, it lacks pattern
31
Factor of random dispersion
random distribution of resources, lack of strong interactive or social forces
32
Random distribution of resources
resources not limiting overall, amounts vary across landscape
33
Lack of strong interactive or social forces
little competition or aggression, ambiguous dispersal tendencies, no mutual attraction
34
Range often divided by
life stages and temporal use
35
Migration
annual of seasonal movement of animals
36
Migration driven by
local climate and seasons, food availability, and variations in life cycle
37
Dispersal
one way movement of individuals, away from native or current habitat or existing population
38
Dispersal driven by
reproduction, resources, competition, changing environment (natural or man made), natural cycles
39
Dispersal limitation
absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal
40
Habitat corridor
strip of favorable habitat located between two large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal
41
Growth rate
number of new individuals produced in a given amount of time minus the number of individuals that die
42
Intrinsic growth rate
highest possible per capita growth rate for a population, not always achieved
43
Population doubling time
time needed for population to double in size
44
Reproduction
new individuals increases population growth, constant per capita rate of increase, more individuals reproducing
45
Immigration usually offset by
emigration
46
Geometric growth occurs when
generations do not overlap, reproduction discrete, growth unlimited
47
Growth model is measured
geometrically
48
Nt in geometric growth model
number of individuals at the time t
49
N0
initial number of individuals
50
Lower y
geometric rate of individuals
51
t
number of time intervals or generations
52
Discrete growth
growth rate measured in discrete intervals
53
Geometric growth is appropriate for
discrete growth, non overlapping generations, unlimited growth
54
Exponential growth appropriate for populations
growing continuously, with overlapping generations, unlimited environment
55
Populations
exhibit growth, live in limited environment
56
What keeps populations in check
factors that shift balance, interactions of organisms, dynamics of resource use
57
Environment limits population growth by
altering birth and death rates
58
Regulations
control of population size with relation to population size
59
Density dependent factors
disease, resource competition, predation
60
Density dependent factors most important in
large animals, and constant environments
61
Density independent factors
natural disasters, environmental conditions
62
Regulation
control of population size with relation to population size
63
Density dependent
intensity influenced by density of organisms (density dependent)
64
Limitation
control of population size with no relation to population size (density independent)
65
Density independent factors
temperature, precipitation, severe storms, fires, floods, drought (influence birth and death rates but don’t regulate population growth
66
Environmental conditions exceed zone of tolerance it can affect
growth, age of maturity, reproduction, survival and movement
67
If conditions are extreme
population can go extinct
68
Competition
individuals use a common resource that is limited
69
No competition when
availability of resource is sufficient for all and does not affect survival, growth, and reproduction
70
Intraspecific competition
competition among individuals of the same species
71
As resources are depleted
population growth rate slows, eventually stops
72
Carrying capacity
number of individuals of a population the environment can support
73
Intrinsic rate of increase (biotic potential)
maximal per capita rate of increase possible in a population
74
Biotic potential
rarely achieved in nature, only occurs when no limits to growth exist
75
Instantaneous growth rate
per capita rate of increase at any time, varies based on conditions
76
Logistic growth gives direct relationship between
r and population size
77
Density dependent also function through
growth, morphologically, activity, stress, dispersal, territoriality, and physiological
78
Allee effect
density dependent mechanism that reduce birthrate and survival when a population is at low density
79
Alle effect when there is difficulty finding a mate
pheromones carry a limited distance, pollination
80
Population dynamic influenced most by
density, reproduction, survival
81
Cohort life table
identify individuals born at same time, keeps records from birth
82
Static life table
record age at death of individuals, estimate number born and mortality rates
83
Age distribution
calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class, assumes differences from mortality
84
Age structure
relative proportion of a population in different age classes
85
Required to understand growth and regulation
age related birth rates, potential mortality
86
Populations divided into three ecologically important age classes
prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive
87
Age distribution reflects
history of survival, reproduction, and growth potential
88
Age structure
number of different age classes and number of individuals in each
89
RO is equal to 1.0
population is stable
90
RO is greater than 1.0
population is growing
91
RO is less than 1.0
population is declining
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