exposure of asbestos can lead to – and there is — between exposure and onset of the disease
lung cancer , lag time
— is a characteristic of lung cancer
long lag time ,
( info:long delays on onset of disease make it difficult to assess the health risks if new nanoparticles )
a common hallmark of many reactions to nanoparticles is —-
chronic inflammation such as: neuroinflammation , nasal barrier breakdown m upper and lower respiratory inflammation )
the novel properties emerges at the nanoscale such as:
- catalytic , better efficiency through higher surface to volume ratio
- electrical , increased electrical conductivity in ceramic and increastic electrical resistance in metals
- magnetic , increased magnetic coercivity up to a critical grain size , superparamagentic behaviour
- mechanical , improved hardness and toughness of the metals and alloys , superplasticity of the ceramic
- optical , spectral shift of optical absortion and flurosence properties , increased quantam efficiency of semiconductor crystals
- steroidal increased selectivity and hallow sphere for some drugs transportation and controlled release
- biological increased permeability through biological barrier and improved biocompatibility
nanoparticles showed an — in the uptake and interaction with biological tissues can —-
- increased
- alter the biological functions
several small particles together have — surface area than bigger particles of the same mass
large surface area
since biomoliuclar interactions take place at the particles surface , the nanoparticles interact —–
strongly with the biological molecules
nanoparticles — can elicit an —-
- hydrophobicity
- immune response
( info: splenocytes were exposed to gold nanoparticles AuNP with coating of different hydrophilicity and expression of cytokines was measured , the more hydrophobic the gold nanoparticle coating was, the stronger the induction of an immune response )
macrophage respond adversely to amorphous silicon nanoparticles
Nanoparticles uptake for macrophages changes their —- activity and cell —- and induced —- signalling
-transcriptional activity , cell proliferation , pro-inflammatory signalling
true or false:
nanoparticles surface chemistry can change in the body
true
as soon as the nanoparticles get in contact with the body fluids , proteins will – unless the nanoparticle – them
these proteins might be recognised by — and —
- absorb , repel them
- cells and evoke them
slightly different – process of nanoparticles or presence of different — can lead to different experimental outcomes in vitro studies,
This nanoparticle corona makes it very difficult to reliably access the toxicity of the nanoparticle
the vivo studies need to be under
- fabrication process and different co-factors as serum proteins
- well controlled settings for relevant data
not only the toxicity relies on the physical characteristics as nanometre size but also on —
the formulation
- particulate dusts inhaled can be toxic ( tolerable dose T.b.d )
- embedded in solis and liquids are not toxic as food so they need to be tested
its diffucult to assess their health risks bc of:
- lag time
- size matter and different properties as formulation
- ,manufacturing process may affect their properties
the ability of the nanoparticle to interact with biological molicule and seeks and overcome natural barriers make them interesting for –
medical application
— is the science and technology of diagnosing , treating ,prevention and relieving pain of traumatic injury by preserving and improving the human health using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of Human body
nanomedcecine
the medical application on nanomedicien can be for
drug delivery
therapy
diagnosis and sensing
medical imaging
the most common nanoparticle for drug delivery is formed by –
the two types of drug targeting are —
self assembly of the amphilatic building blocks aka have hydrophilic and phobic and they can incorporate or carry drugs and display certain molecules on their surface
1- active: speficifc recognition and uptake pf malignant cells
2- passive: accumulation in target tissue
crossing the endothelium : passive targeting
-Endothelial cells that line blood vessels in tumors are more permeable than in healthy tissue ( aka selectivity towards tumour tissue than healthy ones )
- the idea is to design nanocarriee of the appropriate size that has EPR effect ( exploit the enhanced permutation and retention )
- typical particle sizes are in the range 10-500 nm
accumulation in tumor tissue
better selectivity versus healthy tissue
Getting into the cell of interest: Active targeting
- based on the attachment of specific ligands to the surface of the pharmaceutical carriers to recognise and bind pathological cells, tissues structures or allow localisation and the uptake of drug carrier
If you consider the corona virus as a nanoparticle for active drug delivery, what mediates its specific targeting?
spike proteins
controlled degradability leads to —-
these formulation release drug over period of time in a —
such as:
— controls the degredation kintetic
- sustained release
- controlled manner
- PLA polylactic acid or poly( lactic-co-glycolic-acic) PLFA: hydrolysis of ester links
- size and porosity
