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What is Reinforcement Theory (Skinner)?
Behavior shaped by consequences. Types: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Punishment, Extinction. Schedules: Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio.
What is perception? What 3 factors influence it?
Perception = process of organizing/interpreting environment. Factors: Perceiver (attitudes/experience), Situation (time, setting), Target (novelty, size, etc.).
What 3 factors impact knowledge acquisition?
Reinforcement, Observation, Goal Orientation (learning, performance-prove, performance-avoid).
What is explicit knowledge vs. tacit knowledge?
Explicit = easily communicated (books, maps). Tacit = personal, experiential, intuitive. Difference: explicit is recorded; tacit is personal.
Is learning the same as decision-making?
No. Learning = acquiring knowledge. Decision-making = generating & choosing among alternatives. Linked: learning affects decision-making effectiveness.
What are programmed vs. nonprogrammed decisions?
Programmed: routine, familiar problems. Nonprogrammed: novel, unfamiliar problems requiring unique solutions.
What are the 2 approaches to nonprogrammed decisions?
Rational Model: systematic, best solution. Bounded Rationality (satisficing): first satisfactory option under constraints.
What are 3 common reasons for bad decisions?
Limited information, Faulty attributions, Faulty perceptions.
What is Attribution Theory? Its 3 elements?
Explains causes of behavior. Elements: Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency.
What is Fundamental Attribution Error?
Overestimating internal causes, underestimating external causes when judging others.
What are common biases? (list)
Self-serving, Randomness error, Overconfidence, Anchoring, Framing, Representativeness, Recency, Ratio bias, Confirmation, Availability, Escalation of commitment, Hindsight, Contrast effects, Stereotyping, Selective perception, Halo effect.
Is bias the same as discrimination?
No. Bias = prejudice/inclination. Discrimination = acting on bias → unfair treatment.
