What is motivation?
A set of energetic forces (internal and external) that determine the direction, intensity, and persistence of work effort.
What are the three elements of motivation?
Direction (what you do), Intensity (how hard you do it), Persistence (how long you do it).
What is Goal-Setting Theory?
Motivation is fostered when employees are given specific and difficult goals.
What makes a goal ‘well-set’?
Specific, Consistent, Measurable, Challenging, Accepted, and Feedback-prone.
What are the 3 phases of Management by Objectives (MBO)?
- Goal-setting 2. Implementation (action plans) 3. Performance review.
What does Equity Theory state?
People compare their input–output ratios with others and respond to perceived (in)equity.
When are people most motivated according to Equity Theory?
When their ratio of outcomes to inputs matches others’.
What is Expectancy Theory?
Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence.
Define the 3 components of Expectancy Theory.
Expectancy: Effort→Performance belief. Instrumentality: Performance→Outcome belief. Valence: Value of the outcome.
What happens if one component of Expectancy Theory is zero?
Motivation drops to zero.
What is self-efficacy?
A person’s belief in their ability to perform a task.
Four ways to increase self-efficacy?
Enactive mastery, Vicarious modeling, Verbal persuasion, Emotional arousal.
What is Psychological Empowerment?
Intrinsic motivation from believing your work contributes to a larger purpose.
What are Psychological Empowerment’s four components?
Meaningfulness, Self-determination, Competence, Impact.
What are the three types of Organizational Justice?
Distributive (fair outcomes), Procedural (fair process), Interactional (respectful treatment).
Define leadership.
The use of power and influence to guide followers toward goal achievement.
Leaders vs. Managers — main difference?
Leaders focus on vision, change, and ‘why’; Managers focus on stability, process, and ‘how.’
Four schools of thought on leadership?
Trait, Behavioral, Contingency, Inspirational.
Trait school core idea?
Leaders are born with traits that differentiate them from non-leaders.
Behavioral school core idea?
Leadership behaviors can be learned and trained.
Contingency school core idea?
Leadership success depends on matching behavior to situation and followers.
Inspirational school core idea?
Leaders motivate and inspire rather than rely solely on authority.
What are the 4 leadership styles by control?
Delegative, Facilitative, Consultative, Autocratic.
Time-Sensitive Model main idea?
Leader involvement depends on urgency — urgent = more leader control.
