urban decline
Deteriation of the inner city, often caused by lack of investment and maintenance, normally resulting in population decrease, unemployment and economic decline
Deprivation
Standard of living below that of a majority in a particular society= hardships and lack of access to resources
Poverty
The state of being inferior in quality and or being extremely poor
Counter urbanisation
Net out migration
Cause of counter urbanisation of London
-Clearance of slums and bomb damaged area after WW1
-New commuter towns near London, eg Harlow (30-50km away)
-London greenbelt 1947 (stopped suburbanisation and protected land)
-cheaper property
better environment
-Large commuting towns and cities
Deindustrialisation of London
- 1980’s primary and secondary sectors shut as its cheaper in Asia = huge unemployment = declining industry in Lee Valley
- 1960’s London = 30% labour manufacturing
- 2010 manufacturing only employs 6% and = 10% of the Uk’s GDP
What was London’s post industrial economy
- Tourism
- Properties based on Heritage become apartments eg old factories
- Foot loose companies
- Knowledge economy, management and consultancy sectors
Dock closure
- 1981
- in 1970’s 10000 dockworkers
- Closed due to increase in size of ships, couldn’t fit into London
- 1978-83 12000 Jobs lost
- 60% of adults unemployed in London
- 18.5% population decline from 1971-81`
Characteristics of deprived areas
- Poor quality, overcrowded housing
- Poor building maintenance
- Empty, vandalised buildings
- Empty factories
- Pollution
- Poor social Characteristics, eg high unemployment, crime rates and slit families
Spiral decline of an area
Industrial decline Increasing unemployment Decline of shops and services Decline of housing and environment The inner city decline
Social Benefits of London Olympics
- New construction collage, so locals can work on site (8 month training period)
- Massive new housing complex (40000 new homes including affordable housing)
- £50 000 to local estate for sports facilities
Social Cons of London Olympics
- Demolition of old housing estates, student accommodation, caused noise pollution and 450 people had to move out
- Increased cost of housing =people evicted
Economic benefits of London Olympics
- Area attracted investment
- New jobs (5000)
- 500 acres redeveloped
- Eurostar from Stratford attracts foreign investment
Economic cons of London Olympics
-250 businesses moves eg Salmon business, which can no longer afford to stay in area due to increase land prices
Environmental benefits of London Olympics
-Cleaning of land
-Most sustainable games ever
-Public space and parks created
-Better sports facilities
-Lee Valley regional park
-Landscaping
-Wildlife moved
-locals helped
contaminated soil cleaned up
Political benefits of London Olympics
- Improved the UK’s image due to the success
- No controversy (unlike rio)
- All finished on schedule which made the Government look good to other countries
Political cons of London Olympics
- Over budget (£8.75 bn)
- West ham got the stadium afterwards for massively discounted price
Millennium Dome
- Cost £43 000 000 completed in 2010
- No car area, nut good transport links
- multi purpose venue
- Former brownfield site
DLR
- Docklands light railway
- 45 stations with 7 lines
- opened 1987
Jubilee Line extension
- Extension of the London Underground
- cost £3.5 bn
- Relieving congestion
- opening accesses to the whole of London
Eurostar
- High speed railway
- London to Brussels, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, and Paris
- 27 trains
London Gateway
- Thurrock, North bank of Thames
- New deep water port
- £1.5 bn facility
- 20 miles from London
- Built new nature reserve to put animals found on the site
- 27 000 jobs created
- 3.5 million containers managed annually
London Docklands
- regenerating 8.5 square miles In London
- non-governmental organisation
- Improve social, economic and environmental conditions
- Provide more than 120000 jobs
- Good transport links DLR
- 27000 houses created, 10000 refurbished houses
A regeneration scheme
Park Hill
