definitions

Question 1

nucleotides

Answer 1

the basic building blocks of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

Question 2

enzymes

Answer 2

a biological catalyst, speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell

Question 3

cytoplasm

Answer 3

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Question 4

cytosol

Answer 4

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes

Question 5

cytosol

Answer 5

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm exclusive of organelles and membranes

Question 6

plasma membrane

Answer 6

phospholipid bilayer, protective barrier, regulates substance movement, support the cells structure

Question 7

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

composed of two sheets of phospholipid molecules with all of the molecules aligned in the same direction

Question 8

membrane

Answer 8

a thin sheet of layer of cells acting as a boundary

Question 9

prokaryotic cell

Answer 9

single celled micro organisms known to be the earliest on earth (like bacteria and archea)

Question 10

eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

any cell or organism that posses a clearly defined nucleus

Question 11

Archaea

Answer 11

a single celled micro organism, structure similar to bacteria

Question 12

peptidoglycan

Answer 12

substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria

Question 13

binary fission

Answer 13

process of one cell dividing in two

Question 14

proteins

Answer 14

the most abundant structural and functional unit of the cell, they control and build structures for cellular activities (transport, division, metabolism, etc)

Question 15

nucleolus

Answer 15

inside the nucleus cell, it produces the ribosomes

Question 16

ribosomes (general)

Answer 16

tiny factories that make proteins by following instructions from the DNA (assemble polypeptides)

Question 17

membrane bound ribosomes (RER)

Answer 17

they make proteins for use outside the cell

Question 18

free floating ribosomes

Answer 18

they are for use inside the cell

Question 19

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

ER with ribosomes attached to its surface, it helps in making and processing proteins
-it is closer to the nuc than smooth ER

Question 20

Smooth ER

Answer 20

no ribosomes, but has many unique enzymes embedded on surface

it is involved in making lipids (fats), detoxifying harmful substances and metabolizing carbohydrates

makes peroxisomes

produces membrane phospholipids and cellular lipids

Question 21

golgi body/apparatus

Answer 21

consists of flattened sacs called cisternae, stacked on top of eachother. Cis side =entry, trans side = exit (away from the nucleus)
it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins & lipids for delivery inside and outside cell + forms vacuoles

forms lysosomes

the golgi is esp prevalent in glandular cells (e.g. pancreas) which manufacture and secret substances

Question 22

peroxisomes

Answer 22

carries out oxitdative rxn using molecular oxygen

bigger than lysosomes

Question 23

vesicles

Answer 23

membrane bound saces used to transport and store materials around the cell

Question 24

mitochondria

Answer 24

the power house, produces energy (ATP) by using oxygen to break down molecules to synthesize from ADP.
-own DNA (circular ring form, naked of protein, similar to that in bacterial cells)
-double memb, outer layer=smooth, inner layer= foled into cristae
-inside inner memb=semi fluid substance called the matrix
-an area called inner membrane space lies b/w two membs (contains enzymes, and stores stuff needed for ATP synthesis)
-cells that have high energy requiremnets such as muscle cells have large numbers of mitochondria

Question 25

cytoskeletons (not an organelle)

Answer 25

network of fibers composed of protein inside the cell, they provide support for vesicle and membrane movement (anchoring some organelles, aiding cellular movements), helps maintain cell shape. Cytoskeleton contains acting filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 26

lysosomes

Answer 26

vesicles (sacs) bounded by a single membrane, they contain digestive enzymes (hydrolytic), which can break down excess or worn out cell parts.

Question 27

Acting filaments (microfilaments)

Answer 27

function in cell division and cell movement, esp involving contractions as in muscle cells

Question 28

Intermediate filaments

Answer 28

found in most animal cells, and reinforce cell shape & anchor some organelles

Question 29

microtubules

Answer 29

shape and support the cell, also functions as movement paths through the cell for some organelles

Question 30

Chromosomes

Answer 30

Carries all the info necessary for the cell to exist, allowing an org to live.

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

Genetic material of the cell and enables certain traits to be passed down to offspring

Question 32

Centrosome

Answer 32

occurs in all eukaryotic cells. In animal cells it consists of a pair of centrioles that are often at right angle to one another.

Question 33

Centrioles

Answer 33

involved with the assembly of microtubules

Question 34

Basal bodies

Answer 34

structures related to the centrosome of eukaryotic cells, located at the base of cillia and flagella. Not all euk have cillia or flagella, so not all euk have basal bodies. these are thought to direct the assembly of microtubules within the associated cillia or flagella centrioles appear to produce basal bodies

Question 35

cillia

Answer 35

hair-like structures on the surface of cells that play crucial roles in both cell movement and sensory functions

Question 36

flagella

Answer 36

tail like structure in unicellular orgs for bacterial locomotion

Question 37

vacuoles

Answer 37

found in plant and fungal cells, carries out digestion to provide nutrition for the org (or water control)