What is the normal force?
The force acting along an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface
It counteracts other forces acting on an object in contact with a surface.
Define average speed.
The rate of change of distance calculated by the formula average speed=distance/time
It measures how fast an object is moving over a period.
What is the period in physics?
The time taken to complete 1 revolution
It is often used in the context of circular motion.
Define centripetal acceleration.
The acceleration experienced by any object moving in a circular path directed towards the centre of motion
It is essential for maintaining circular motion.
What is centripetal force?
The force acting on an object traveling in a circle that constantly either pulls or pushes the object in towards the centre of motion
It is necessary for circular motion.
Define gravitational fields.
The region of space surrounding a body in which another body experiences a force of gravitational attraction
It describes how mass influences the space around it.
What does Coulomb’s Law state?
Like electric charges repel and opposite electric charges attract, with a force proportional to the product of the electric charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Expressed by the formula F=1/(4πϵ_0 ) Qq/r^2.
Define electric fields strength.
The intensity of an electric field at a particular location
It indicates how strong the electric field is in a given area.
What is elastic potential energy?
The capacity of electric charge carriers to do work due to their position in an electric current
It relates to the energy stored in elastic materials.
Define magnetic field.
A region of space near a magnet, electric current or moving electrically charged particle in which a magnetic force acts on any other magnet, electric current or moving electrically charged particle
It describes the influence of magnetic forces.
What is magnetic flux?
A measurement of the total magnetic field that passes through a given area; a measure of the number of magnetic field lines passing through the given area
It quantifies the strength of a magnetic field over an area.
Define magnetic flux density.
The strength of a magnetic field or the number of magnetic field lines per unit area
It is often represented by the symbol B.
What is electromagnetic induction?
The production of an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage across an electrical conductor due to its dynamic interaction with a magnetic field
It is a fundamental principle behind electric generators.
Define electromotive force (EMF).
A difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric current
It is measured in volts.
What does Faraday’s Law state?
When the magnetic flux linking a circuit changes, an electromotive force is induced in the circuit proportional to the rate of change of the flux linkage
It is crucial for understanding how generators work.
Define Lenz’s Law.
The direction of an induced electric current always opposes the change in the circuit or the magnetic field that produces it
It ensures conservation of energy in electromagnetic systems.
What is electromagnetic radiation?
Radiant energy consisting of synchronised oscillations of electric and magnetic fields, or electromagnetic waves, propagated at the speed of light in a vacuum
It encompasses a wide range of phenomena including light.
Define frame of reference.
The abstract coordinate system that defines the location of the observer
It is essential for describing motion.
What is an inertial frame of reference?
Any frame of reference with respect to which the acceleration of the object of observation remains zero
It is a non-accelerating frame.
Define time dilation.
The difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers moving relative to each other
It is a key concept in Einstein’s theory of relativity.
What is a proper time interval?
The time interval measured in the frame of reference in which the object is at rest
It is the shortest time interval between two events.
Define relativistic time interval.
The time interval measured in the frame of reference in which the object is in motion
It is longer than the proper time interval due to time dilation.
What is length contraction?
An observer at rest relative to a moving object would observe the moving object to be shorter along the dimension of motion
It is another effect of relativity.
Define threshold frequency.
The minimum frequency of a photon that can eject an electron from a surface
It is crucial in the photoelectric effect.
