The horizontal and vertical component of a velocity vector are __________.
independent of each other
This principle is fundamental in vector analysis in physics.
State Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.
𝐹 = 𝐺𝑚₁𝑚₂/𝑟²
This law describes the gravitational force between two masses.
What are Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion?
- Planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus
- A line from a planet to the Sun sweeps equal areas in equal times
- 𝑇² ∝ 𝑟³
These laws describe the motion of planets around the Sun.
Kepler’s third law can be derived from __________.
the relationship between Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation and uniform circular motion
This derivation connects gravitational forces with orbital mechanics.
How do you represent magnetic field lines?
Sketching lines due to moving electric charges, electric currents, and magnets
Magnetic field lines visually represent the direction and strength of magnetic fields.
A moving electric charge generates a __________.
magnetic field
This principle is essential in electromagnetism.
What experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field?
- Electric current-carrying conductors
- Moving electric charges
This is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism.
List the two postulates of special relativity.
- Laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames
- Speed of light in vacuum is constant for all observers
These postulates form the foundation of Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Motion can only be measured relative to an __________.
observer
This concept is crucial in understanding relativity.
What is the mass–energy equivalence relationship?
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐²
This equation expresses the equivalence of mass and energy.
Photons exhibit the characteristics of both __________ and __________.
- waves
- particles
This duality is a key concept in quantum mechanics.
Name the six types of quarks.
- up
- down
- charm
- strange
- top
- bottom
Quarks are fundamental constituents of matter.
List the six types of leptons.
- electron
- muon
- tau
- electron neutrino
- muon neutrino
- tau neutrino
Leptons are elementary particles that do not experience strong interactions.
What are the four gauge bosons?
- photon
- gluon
- W⁺/W⁻
- Z⁰
Gauge bosons are force carriers in particle physics.
The conservation of __________ and __________ is upheld in particle interactions.
- lepton number
- baryon number
These conservation laws are fundamental in particle physics.
