Defintions

Question 0

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Answer 0

Number of live births per 1000 population

Question 1

Census

Answer 1

Simultaneous recording of demographic data be the government at a particular time pertaining to all the persons who live in a particular territory

Question 2

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Answer 2

Number of live births per 1000 females aged 15-44 years

Question 3

Total [Period] Fertility Rates (TPFR)

Answer 3

Average number of children that would be born to a hypothetical woman in her life

Question 4

Fecundity

Answer 4

Physical ability to reproduce

Question 5

Fertility

Answer 5

Realisation if the potential to reproduce (fecundity) as births

Question 6

Crude Death Rate

Answer 6

Number of deaths per 1000 population

Question 7

Age-Specific Death Rate

Answer 7

Number of deaths per 1000 in a particular age group

Question 8

Mortality Rate

Answer 8

Special case of an incidence where the event is death rather than onset of disease

Question 9

Standardised Mortality Rate (SMR)

Answer 9

Compares observed number of deaths with the expected number if age-sex distribution of populations were identical

Question 10

Point Prevalence

Answer 10

Number of sufferers compared to the number at risk

Question 11

Random variation

Answer 11

Influences what we observe including epidemiological data

Question 12

Systematic variation

Answer 12

Variation that could be attributed to a new risk factor

Question 13

Hypothesis

Answer 13

Statement that an underlying tendency of scientific interest takes a particular quantitative value

Question 14

Comparative studies

Answer 14

Comparing risk in one group of people (cohort) with another group

Question 15

Cohort

Answer 15

Defined group of people with known exposure or personal characteristics

Question 16

Internal Cohort Study

Answer 16

Subdividing levels of exposure and comparing the groups (IRR)

Question 18

External Cohort Study

Answer 18

Reference the cohort to the population (SMR)

Question 19

Confounder

Answer 19

Something that is associated with both the outcome and the exposure of interest, but is not on the causal pathway between exposure and outcome

Question 20

Hypothesis

Answer 20

Statement that an underlying tendency of scientific interest takes a particular quantitative value

Question 21

Null hypothesis

Answer 21

No relationship between exposure and outcome

Question 22

P value

Answer 22

Probability of obtaining a test statistic

Question 23

Bias

Answer 23

Deviation of the results from the truth via certain processes, seen in epidemiology

Question 24

Selection Bias

Answer 24

Error due to systematic differences in the ways in which the two groups were collected (allocation bias, healthy worker effect)

Question 25

Information Bias

Answer 25

Error due to systematic misclassification of subjects in the group (recall bias, publication bias)

Question 26

Healthy Worker Effect

Answer 26

Biasing of the results when a study involves workers/employed individuals compared to a reference population - employed individual is more likely to be healthy

Question 27

Cause

Answer 27

Exposure of factor increases the probability of disease

Question 28

Necessary

Answer 28

The factor precedes the disease

Question 29

Sufficient

Answer 29

Factor causes disease on its own

Question 30

Epidemiology

Answer 30

Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health populations

Question 31

Clinical Trial

Answer 31

Any form of planned experiment involving patients and is designed to elucidate the most appropriate method of treatment for future patients

Question 32

Placebo

Answer 32

Psychological benefit derived from being looked after, cared for, having a 'new' drug treatment etc.

Question 33

Clinical equipoise

Answer 33

Must be reasonable uncertainty or genuine ignorance about whether a treatment or its comparator is better

Question 34

Clinical equipoise

Answer 34

Must be reasonable uncertainty or genuine ignorance about whether a treatment or its comparator is better

Question 35

Meta-analysis

Answer 35

Quantitative synthesis of the results of 2 or more primary studies that addressed the same hypothesis the same way