1
Q
Distortion that is expressed in a deformed rock.
A
Deformation
2
Q
Transformation from initial to a final geometry.
A
Deformation
3
Q
Four kinds of deformation. (Rigid and Non-Rigid)
A
Translation, Rotation, Distortion, Dilation
4
Q
Distortion is also called as?
A
Strain
5
Q
Dilation is also called as?
A
Volume Change
6
Q
Movement of particles in the same direction and distance; change in position or location.
A
Translation
7
Q
Changing of orientation.
A
Rotation
8
Q
Two kinds of rigid body deformation.
A
Translation and Rotation
9
Q
Change in shape.
A
Distortion
10
Q
Change in volume.
A
Dilation
11
Q
2 kinds of non-rigid body deformation.
A
Distortion and Dilation
12
Q
The four kinds of rigid and non-rigid deformation are measured by what kind of analysis?
A
Geometric Analysis
13
Q
Process in which particles rearrange themselves before and after deformation.
A
Deformation in relation to Continuum Mechanics
14
Q
Relates the position of the points in terms of displacement vectors in a displacement field.
A
Deformation in relation to Continuum Mechanics
15
Q
Deformation vis-a-vis Continuum Mechanics is measured by what kind of analysis?
A
Kinematic Analysis
16
Q
Mechanics of materials with smoothly varying properties.
A
Continuum Mechanics
17
Q
What kind of analysis is utlized to determine changes with deformation vis-a-vis continuum mechanics?
A
Kinematic Analysis
18
Q
During the rigid body deformation which is Translation, how does the displacement field and the particle paths behave?
A
The atoms move in a straight path, on one direction.
19
Q
During the rigid body deformation which is Rotation, how does the displacement field and the particle paths behave?
A
The atoms moves by rotating in place
20
Q
What are the two senses of rotation?
A
Right-Handed Clockwise and Left-Handed Counter-Clockwise
21
Q
Other term for Right-handed clockwise rotation?
A
Dextral
22
Q
Other term for Left-handed counter-clockwise rotation?
A
Sinistral
23
Q
During the non-rigid body deformation which is Simple Shear, how does the displacement field and the particle paths behave?
A
Two parallel planes slide past each other, while maintaining their parallel orientation and constant distance, while rotating together.
24
Q
During the non-rigid body deformation which is Pure Shear, how does the displacement field and the particle paths behave?
A
No rotational deformation occurs, the plane elongates in one direction while being compressed in the perpendicular direction.
25
During the non-rigid body deformation which is Subsimple Shear, how does the displacement field and the particle paths behave?
Combination of the mechanics of both the simple and pure shear, wherein rotation occurs alongside elongation or shortening.
26
Type of shear that is characterized by solely elongation and shortening.
Pure Shear
27
Type of shear that is characterized by rotation in a consistent direction and path.
Simple Shear
28
Type of shear that is characterized by rotation, elongation, and shortening.
Subsimple Shear
29
What do you call the change in position of a unit from an initial point to its current position?
Displacement
30
What do you call the places travelled by the material from its initial to its current position?
Path
31
What do you call the series of places travelled by the material from its initial to its current position which are marked by dates or timelines?
Dated Path
32
One of the best examples of paths/dated paths in which the Northwesternly movement of the pacific plate is mapped out through the occurence of a series of islands in the United States.
Hawaii-Emperor Volcanic Chain
33
Processes that permit rocks to deform at the microscopic and atomic scales.
Deformation Mechanics
34
How crystalline structures and interatomic bonding influence the strength of materials leading to deformed rocks.
Deformation Mechanics
35
Strain is accomodated through the activation of one or more microscale deformation mechanics.
Deformation Mechanics
36
Kinds of structures that formed through when rocks deform at the microscopic and atomic scales.
Microstructures
37
What are the six factors that affect the deformation mechanisms?
Mineralogy, Temperature, Confining Pressure, Fluid Pressure, Differential Stress, and Strain Rate
38
What takes place under continuously changing conditions?
Deformation
39
These two structures are characterized by low temperature and low to moderately high differential stress regimes.
Dissolution Creep and Mechanical Twinning
40
These structures are characterized by low temperature and high differential stress regimes.
Fracture and Cataclasis
41
These structures are characterized by moderate temperature and low to moderate differential stress regimes.
Grain-boundary Diffussion Creep
42
These structures are characterized by moderate to high temperature and high differential stress regimes.
Dislocation Creeps
43
These structures are characterized by high temperature and low to moderate differential stress regimes.
Volume-diffusion Creep
44
What are the three types of deformation mechanisms that are characterized and is directly affected by the six factors.
Brittle Deformation, Brittle Flow, and Plastic Flow
45
Brittle deformation is characterized by what processes?
Fracturing and Frictional Sliding
46
Brittle flow is characterized by what processes?
Granular Flow and Cataclastic Flow
47
Granular flow is characterized by what subprocesses?
Frictional Sliding and Rolling
48
Cataclastic Flow is characterized by what subprocess?
Grain Fracturing
49
Plastic Flow is characterized by what processes?
Diffussion and Crystal Plasticity
50
Diffussion is characterized by what 3 subprocesses?
Wet Diffussion, Grain-boundary Diffussion, and Volume Diffussion
51
Crystal Plasticity is characterized by what subprocesses?
Twinning and Dislocation Creep
52
Stress that builds at points of concentrations (e.g. Grain Boundaries, Inclusions, Pores, Twins, Dislocation, and earlier Formed Microcracks).
Microfracturing
53
Microscopic to submicroscopic cracks and surfaces.
Microcracks
54
What are the three types of microcracks?
Intragranular, Intergranular, and Transgranular
55
A type of microcrack wherein:
a. it occurs within a single grain
b. occurs along a weak surface or cleavage plane.
c. fracture strength of the grain < grain boundaries
Intragranular Microcracks
56
A type of microcrack wherein:
a. exploit grain boundaries
b. indicate that boundaries are easier to crack
c. less common in coarse grain rocks
Intergranular Microcracks
57
A type of microcrack wherein:
a. cut across adjacent grains and their mutual grain boundaries
b. strong grain boundaries and similar orientation of cleavage in neighboring grains.
c. combination of both the intragranular and intergranular microcracks
Transgranular Microcracks
58
intragranular microcracks occurs where?
Inside the grains
59
Intergranular microcracks occurs where?
Along the grain boundaries
60
Transgranular microcracks occurs where?
Both inside the grains and on the grain boundaries
61
True or False:
Due to the diversity of the minerals, crystallographic orientation, textures, and microstructures in rocks, all three types of microcracks can be observed in a single rock.
True
62
Pervasive brittle fracturing and granulation of rocks.
Cataclasis
63
Aggregate of highly fractured grains and rock fragments in a matrix of even smaller, crushed grains.
Fault Breccia/Cataclasites
64
Two processes that are common in shallow depths, along faults and fault zones .
Cataclasis and Cataclastic Flow
65
Which processes dominate within the depths of 0-15 km and low to moderate strength?
Brittle Elastic and Frictional Processes
66
Which processes dominate within the depths of 15-20 km and low to moderately high strength?
Brittle-Ductile Transition Zone
67
Which processes dominate within the depths of 20-25 km and low strength?
Crystalplastic Processes
68
Strength _________ linearly with confining pressure and depth.
Increases
69
Strength _________ exponentially with temperature and depth.
Decreases
70
Along fault zones, what occurs within the depths of 1-4 km?
Incohesisve Gauge and Breccias
71
Along fault zones, what occurs within the depths of 4-10 km?
Cohesive Cataclasites and Pseudotachylites
72
Along fault zones, what occurs when the temperatures go beyond 350 degrees Celsius?
Mylonites
73
These are structures that are most commonly observed in plagioclase and calcite, but can also be seen in dolomite, kyanite, biotite, quartz, diopside, and jadeite.
Mechanical Twinning
74
Mapping of stress and strain associated with folded layers.
Mechanical Twinning
75
True or False:
Atomic lattices doesn't contain significant number of defects.
False, it does contain a significant number of defects.
76
Crystals has _________ stored in the lattice.
Energy
77
More Defects = ________________
Higher Stored Energy
78
What are the three types of crystal defects?
Point Defect, Line Defect, Plane Defect
79
Other term for line defect.
Dislocation
80
What are the three kinds of point defects in a crystal lattice?
Vacancy, Substitution, and Interstitial
81
A type of deformation mechanism that is characterized by the migration of vacancies in the crystallographic lattices.
Diffussion Creep
82
What are the two kinds of Diffussion Creeps?
Volume Diffussion and Grain Boundary Diffussion
83
A kind of Diffussion Creep that is characterized by:
a. vacancies move through crystals (temperature and stress controlled)
b. requires high energy; occur in the lower part of the crust and in the mantle.
c. smaller grains = higher strain rate
d. Material failure over time under constant high-temperature, low stress conditions.
Volume Diffussion
84
Other term for Volume Diffussion?
Nabaro-Herring Creep
85
A kind of Diffussion Creep that is characterized by:
a. vacancies move along grain boundaries (temperature and stress controlled)
b. less energy demanding; occur in the plastic crust
c. understanding the deformation of fine-grained rocks, such as in shear zones, and its role in contributing to the overall weakening and failure of rock bodies over geological time.
Grain Boundary Diffussion
86
Other term for Grain Boundary Diffussion?
Cobble Creep
87
A kind of deformation mechanism in which:
a. ions move in fluid films and pore fluid (chemically and stress controlled)
b. occur at very low (even diagenetic) temperatures
c. mineral is dissolved and the ions are carried with the fluid to be precipitated some other place
Dissolution Creep
88
Other term for Dissolution Creep?
Pressure Solution
89
Processes of dissolution depends on what factors?
a. Dissolution at the source
b. Diffusion or migration of the dissolved material along the same pathway
c. Reprecipitation
90
Process of dissolution creep characterized by:
a. Preferential dissolution along boundaries of impinging grains.
b. Dissolution along Stylolites
c. DIssolution along fractures and other surfaces of high porosity
Dissolution
91
Process of dissolution creep characterized by:
a. Out of System (Fluid Flow)
b. Along Fractures
c. Through the pore spaces
Fluid Transport
92
Process of dissolution creep characterized by:
a. On same minerals (overgrowths)
a1. On different mineral (pressure shadows)
b. As Vein Fillings
c. In pore spaces (cement)
Deposition
93
A type of deformation mechanism characterized by change in shape by a combination of very localized, temporary distortion of the lattice and shearing of the lattice along a slip plane.
Dislocation Creep
94
__________ are line defects in the crystal lattice where the regular arrangement of atoms is disrupted.
Dislocations
95
A deformation mechanism characterized by the formation, motion and destruction of dislocations in a crystal.
Dislocation Creep
96
Two kinds of dislocation creeps?
Edge Dislocation and Screw Dislocation
97
Kind of dislocation creeps wherein:
a. perpendicular to the direction of the slip
b. edge of an extra half-plane in the crystal lattice
Edge Dislocation
98
The process by which edge dislocation move.
Dislocation Glide
99
Kind of dislocation creeps wherein:
a. dislocation line is oriented parallel to the slip direction
b. a bit like tearing a piece of paper
Screw Dislocation
100
A deformation mechanism characterized by 0-1200 C in temperature and >500 Megapascals in pressure.
Dislocation Glide
101
A deformation mechanism characterized by 0-650 C in temperature and 0-500 Megapascals in pressure.
Dissolution Creep (Pressure Solution)
102
A deformation mechanism characterized by 250-1200 C in temperature and 1-100 Megapascals in pressure.
Dislocation Creep
103
A deformation mechanism characterized by 650-1200 C in temperature and 0-1 Megapascals in pressure.
Nabaro-Herring Creep
104
Enumerate the SIX Deformation Mechanisms.
Microfracturing, Cataclasis and Cataclastic Flow, Mechanical Twinning, Difussion Creep, Dissolution Creep (Pressure Solution), and Dislocation Creep
105
A series of sheared rocks is called a __________?
Melange
106
What are the three processes that occurs on a dissolution creep/pressure solution?
Dissolution, Fluid Transport, and Deposition
107
Three kinds of distortion processes in terms of changes in shape.
Simple Shear, Subsimple Shear, and Pure Shear
Structural Geology
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