Depression

Question 1

What are the 2 types of depression?

Answer 1

1. Unipolar/Major

2. Bipolar

Question 2

What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar depression?

Answer 2

Bipolar punctuated by periods of mania

Question 3

What are the 4 main characteristics of clinical depression?

Answer 3

1. Psychological symptoms - feelings of sadness and hopelessness
2. Motivational deficits
3. Physical symptoms - sleep loss, weight gain/loss
4. Cognitive symptoms - memory deficits, executive deficits

Question 4

What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II?

Answer 4

Bipolar I has wider range and is more common

Question 5

What is schizoaffective disorder?

Answer 5

• Uninterrupted period of illness concurrent with major mood episode and hallucinations/dellusions
• Can be bipolar or depressive

Question 6

Name 4 types of dellusions

Answer 6

1. Grandeur
2. Persecution
3. Control
4. Reference

Question 7

Define hallucinations

Answer 7

Perception in the absence of external stimulation or

sensory input

Question 8

What are the 4 biological factors of depression?

Answer 8

1. Genetic (concordance of monozygotic twins)
2. Neurochemical
3. Brain anormalities
4. Neuroendocrine

Question 9

What are 2 behavioural theories of depression?

Answer 9

1. Behavioural factors

2. Cognitive factors

Question 10

What neurotransmitters is depression associated with?

Answer 10

Low levels of serotonin and noradrenaline

Question 11

Name 3 drug treatments of depression

Answer 11

1. Tricyclic drugs
2. SSRIs
3. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

Question 12

What brain anormalities are associated with depression?

Answer 12

- Prefrontal Cortex
• Anterior Cingulate Cortex
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Cerebellum
and being an edgelord

Question 13

How is cortisol associated with depression?

Answer 13

• Found in high levels
• Permanent release of cortisol is harmful, because it is
  neurotoxic and can lead to atrophic changes of the brain

Question 14

What are behavioural theories of depression?

Answer 14

Focus on lack of learning to deal with situations

Question 15

What is the Negative Cognitions & Self -Schema theory?

Answer 15

Proposed by Beck

• Depression is maintained through negative schemas
• Negative views of self, future and world

Question 16

What is the learned helplessness theory?

Answer 16

Seligman - following unavoidable negative life events making individuals depressed, derived from animal behaviour

Question 17

What are attributional styles?

Answer 17

Depressed individuals tend to attribute negative events to causes that cannot easily be changed or manipulated

Question 18

What is the main treatment for bipolar disorder?

Answer 18

• lithium carbonate

Question 19

What is social skills training?

Answer 19

Addresses an individualʼs inability to communicate and socialize appropriately

Question 20

What is behavioural activation therapy?

Answer 20

• Increasing a patients access to pleasant events and rewards
• Monitoring of pleasant/unpleasant events
• Social skills and time management training

Question 21

What is cognitive therapy?

Answer 21

(Developed by Beck)

• Identify negative beliefs
• Replace with adaptive and rational beliefs

Question 22

What are 6 suicide risk factors?

Answer 22

1. History of attempts
2. Psychopathology diagnosis
3. Feelings of hopelessness
4. Poor physical health/disability
5. Family difficulties
6. Life stresses

Question 23

Define self-harm

Answer 23

Defined as ‘an expression of personal distress, usually

made in private’