Bio 1102 > Deuterostomes > Flashcards

Deuterostomes Flashcards

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1
Q

In deuterostomes the blastospore becomes what? What type of cleavage to they have?

A

The anus. They have a radial cleavage.

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2
Q

What organisms are considered Echinodermata?

A

Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, and crinoids

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3
Q

Echinodermata have what type of symmetry?

A

Pentaradial symmetry.

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4
Q

What type of symmetry do Echinodermata have as larva?

A

Bilateral symmetry

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5
Q

What type of symmetry do Echinodermata have as adults.

A

Pentaradial symmetry

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6
Q

What type of surfaces do Echinodermata have?

A

Oral and aboral surfaces

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7
Q

Many are capable of what?

A

Regeneration

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8
Q

Their nervous system is what?

A

A nerve ring with branches

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9
Q

The epidermis covers what?

A

Endoskeleton

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10
Q

The endoskeleton is composed of calcium carbonate plates called what?

A

Ossicles

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11
Q

They can be joined in what two types of ways?

A

Tightly or Loosely joined

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12
Q

They have what type of vascular system?

A

A water-vascular system

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13
Q

Water enters through the what?

A

madreporite

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14
Q

Water is used to fill what, which in turn moves what?

A

Used to fill ampullae. Which moves tube feet.

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15
Q

What type of canals extend from what canal into each arm?

A

Radial canals extend from ring canal into each arm.

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16
Q

What are the FIVE groups of Echinodermata?

A
  1. Crinoidea
  2. Asteroidea
  3. Ophiuroidea
  4. Echinoidea
  5. Holothuroidea
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17
Q

Characteristics of Crinoidea?

A
  1. Crinoids, sea lilies, feather stars
  2. Early diverging
  3. Sessile, bottom-dwelling
  4. Feathery, branched arms surround mouth with tube for feeding
  5. Oral surfaces face up
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18
Q

Characteristics of Asteroidea?

A
  1. Sea stars and sea daisies
  2. Marine predators
  3. Have 5 arms (or multiples of 5) which are thick and tapered
  4. Can drop and regenerate arms
  5. Tube feet used for locomotion
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19
Q

Characteristics of Ophiuroidea?

A
  1. Brittle stars and basket stars
  2. Largest group
  3. Thin, Untampered arms extended from cental discs
  4. Easily autonomized
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20
Q

Characteristics of Echinoidea?

A
  1. Sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits, sea cookies
  2. Lack arms
  3. Oral surface expands during development to cover almost entire body.
  4. Protective moveable spines
  5. Ossicles fused into test/shell
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21
Q

Characteristics of Holothuroidea?

A
  1. Sea cucumbers
  2. Soft, muscular bodies
  3. Secondarily bilateral
  4. Pentaradial symmetry still evident in 5 grooves along body wall
  5. Use evisceration as a defense mechanism
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22
Q

What is evisceration?

A

When threatened, will protrude internal organs and later regenerate damaged body parts

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23
Q

Chordates have an endoskeleton with what for muscle attachment?

A

An internal Rod

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24
Q

An endoskeleton allows what?

A

Bodies to swing from side to side when swimming

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25
What are the 4 chordate features?
1. Nerve Cord-Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (becomes brain and spinal cord) 2. Notochord-Support for nerve cord (Vertebral column in vertebrates) 3. Pharyngeal Slits-Connect to pharynx (Pharyngeal pouches present in all vertebrate embryos) 4. Postanal Tail
26
What are the 2 groups of invertebrate chordates?
Urochordata and cephalochordata
27
What is the one group of vertebrate chordates?
Vertebrata
28
Characteristics of Cephalochordata?
1. Lancelets 2. Smallest marine chordates 3. Capable of swimming but rarely do (spend most of life partially buried) 4. Feed on plankton using cilia and gill slits. 5. Retain all 4 chordate characteristics into adulthood 6. Have no distinguishable head 7. Segmentation easily seen through body
29
Characteristics of urochordata?
1. Tunicates and sea squirts 2. Marine 3. Larvae are tadpole like 4. Have a notochord and nerve cord 5. Free swimming but dont feed 6. Attach to substrate with a sucker 7. Adults typically lose tail and notochord 8. Become immobile filter feeders 9. Incurrent and excurrent siphons 10. Many secrete tunic of cellulose that surrounds animal
30
How are vertebrate chordates distinguished from invertebrate chordates?
1. Vertebral column which encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord 2. Distinct and well differentiated head (cranium of bone or cartilage surrounds and protects the brain) 3. Well developed endoskeleton of cartilage or bone 4. W-shaped segmented muscles attached to multiple vertebrae (allows for more power and control of movements) 5. Internal Organs (liver, kidneys, endocrine glands, heart and closed circulatory system) 6. Increased rate of metabolism
31
Vertebrates appeared in oceans when?
~530 MYA
32
What are the 5 vertebrate groups?
1. Fish 2. Reptiles 3. Birds 4. Mammals 5. Amphibians
33
Over half of vertebrates are what?
FISH
34
What are the 5 key characteristics of fish?
1. Vertebral column 2. Jaws and paired appendages 3. Internal gills 4. Single-loop blood circulation 5. Nutritional deficiencies (inability to synthesize aromatic amino acids)
35
What are the 4 groups of fishes?
1. Agnatha-the jawless fish 2. Chondrichthyes-cartilaginous fish 3. Actinopterygii-ray finned fish (Osteichthyes) 4. Sarcopterygii-lobe finned fish (Osteichthyes)
36
Characteristics of Agnatha?
1. Hagfish and lampreys 2. Lack jaws 3. Gill pores instead of slits 4. Cartilage instead of bone 5. Persistent notochord
37
Characteristics of Chondrichthyes?
1. Sharks, skates, rays 2. Cartilaginous skeleton-light, strong 3. First vertebrates with teeth (evolved from rough scales on mouth skin, easily lost and replaced) 4. Lateral line system (Series of sensory organs that detect changes in pressure and waves) 5. Jaws 6. Paired appendages
38
Characteristics of Osteichthyes?
1. Arose at the same time as sharks 2. Most species-rich group of all vertebrates 3. Swim bladder (gas-filled sac for regulating buoyancy) 4. Hard plate covered gills-operculum
39
What is the one characteristic of Actinopterygii- ray finned fish?
Parallel rays support and stiffen each fin which lack muscles.
40
What are some characteristics of Sarcopterygii-lobe finned fish?
1. Paired fins are long, fleshy lobes with articulated bones and joints 2. Likely amphibian ancestors 3. Swim bladder converted into lung in some
41
What are some characteristics of Amphibia?
1. Frogs, salamanders, caecilians 2. First vertebrates to walk on land 3. Direct descendants of lobe finned fish 4. Lay eggs in water
42
What are the 5 distinguishing features of Amphibia?
1. legs 2. Lungs 3. Cutaneous respiration- supplements lungs 4. Pulmonary veins 5. 3-chambered heart
43
Tetrodotoxin is how many more times poisonous than cyanide?
1200x more
44
What are the key characteristics of Amniotes?
1. Amniotic egg (watertight, contain food source) 2. Dry skin (Watertight, prevents water loss) 3. Thoracic breathing (Expanding contracting ribcage and diaphragm. Breathing capacity equals level of lungs)
45
What are the 4 membranes of amniotic eggs?
1. Chorion-outermost layer, allows gas exchange 2. Amnion-Encases embryo in fluid filled cavity 3. Yolk sac- provides food 4. Allantois- stores embryo's metabolic waste
46
How are Amniotes grouped?
Based on number of holes in temporal region of skull
47
How many holes do Anapsids have?
No holes
48
How many holes do Synapsids have?
1 hole
49
How many holes do diapsids have?
2 holes
50
What are the key synapomorphies of mammals?
1. Hair (keratin rich filaments. Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure) 2. Mammary Glands (Secrete milk to feed young)
51
What are heterodont teeth?
Teeth specialized to particular eating habits
52
What is endothermy?
Allows activity at any time of day or night
53
What is a placenta?
Specialized organ that brings fetal and maternal blood in close contact
54
What are montremes?
Egg laying mammals
55
What are marsupials?
Bear live young and incubate them in a pouch
56
What are Eutherians?
Placenta allows young to develop into uterus
57
What are the three main groups of Reptiles?
1. Lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes) 2. Testudines (turtles) 3. Archosaurs (dinosaurs, crocodilians, birds)
58
what does ectothermic mean?
Body temperature controlled by moving in and out of sunlight.
59
What kind of skulls do Lepidosaurs have?
A kinetic skull with moveable joints. (an manipulate and consume prey that would otherwise be too large)
60
What are the main features of Lepidosaurs: Lizards?
1. Limbed and limbless 2. External ears and eyelids
61
What are the main features of Lepidosaurs: Snakes?
1. Limbless, 2. Lack external ears or eyelids 3. Pelvic girdle lost or reduced
62
Characteristics of Testudines: turtles and tortoises
1. Secondarily developed anapsid skull 2. No teeth 3. Shell 4. Dorsal carapace and ventral plastron derived from skeletal parts
63
Characteristics of Archosaurs: Crocodilians?
1. Large, primarily aquatic predators 2. Eyes on top of head, nostrils on top of snout, extremely large mouth, extremely large neck
64
Characteristics of Archosaurs: birds?
1. Most diverse of terrestrial vertebrates 2. Lack teeth 3. Enhanced respiratory system- air passes through lungs in one direction
65
Key features of Archosaurs: birds?
1. Feathers-homologous with scales 2. Flight skeleton (wings designed for lift and propulsion. Bones with air pockets. Sternum with keel for flight muscle attachment)
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