Development

Question 1

Motor Development depends upon:

Answer 1

• Genetics
• Child individual experiences
• Environmental experiences
• Maturation of the CNS*

Question 2

Term babies are born between

Answer 2

38 and 42 weeks of gestation

Question 3

Pre-term babies are born before …

Answer 3

38 weeks, especially very early and low birth weight babies require the care of a physical therapist

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Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Difference between delayed and atypical development:

Answer 5

• Delayed: motor and other skills are developing late but in an appropriate manner.
• Atypical: child demonstrates motor patterns associated with a specific disorder usually neuromuscular or musculoskeletal = Abnormal muscle tone (low / high / mixed) Cerebral Palsy, club foot etc.

Question 6

Maturationist theory of motor development:

Answer 6

• development is correlated to changes in the CNS as it develops.
  
  • Not experience.

Question 7

Gesell:

Answer 7

• Maturationist theory
• Motor development allows functional behavior

Question 8

McGraw:

Answer 8

• Maturationist theory
• highly detailed descriptions of movement sequences, interested in relationship of structure to function

Question 9

Thelen, Lochman and Horak, Shumway-Cooke

Answer 9

• Applied Dynamic Systems Theory to development
• No one system is responsible or the director of development; it is a confluence of many factors including:
  
  • Genetics, opportunity, cognitive ability, level of stimulation, motivation, environment.

Question 10

Term “developmental biodynamics” used to explain….

Answer 10

• the organization of motor behavior based on the interaction between perception, action, body morphology and task.
• Dynamic Systems Theory
• Thelen, Lochman and Horak, Shumway-Cooke

Question 11

Gibson:

Answer 11

• Theory of affordances
• Ecological Theory*

Question 12

The period from conception to birth:

Answer 12

Prenatal period

Question 13

The period 1 to 2 weeks of gestation is called?

Answer 13

Germinal period

Question 14

2 to 8 weeks of gestation:

Answer 14

Embryonic period

(most susceptible to environmental disruptions)

Question 15

9 - 38 weeks of gestation is called?

Answer 15

Fetal period

Question 16

During this time, the embryo is most susceptible to environmental disruptions as moms many not be aware of the pregnancy:

Answer 16

• Embryonic period, 0-8 weeks of gestation.
• Early in the 1st few weeks of life, development of the embryo is rapid. There is differentiation of the cells of the blastocyst into the germinal layers that will develop into the different tissues of the body.

Question 17

Ectoderm forms…

Answer 17

Forms skin, hair, nails, teeth and nerves

Question 18

Mesoderm forms…

Answer 18

muscle, bone, heart, and blood vessels.

Question 19

Endoderm forms…

Answer 19

forms major digestive organs, liver, alimentary tract and linings, endocrine glands

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Question 20

This stage begins at 9 weeks of gestation:

Answer 20

fetal stage

Question 21

start to see fetal movements: head movement, hand to face

Answer 21

• fetal stage
• by 10th week

Question 22

Mother will perceive fetal movements at about ….

Answer 22

16-18 weeks of gestation

Question 23

Third Trimester baby is growing and gaining weight; occupies more of uterine space, this will reinforce development of:

Answer 23

“Physiological Flexion”

Question 24

sleep wake cycles are developing at…

Answer 24

26 -28 weeks of gestation

Question 25

Premature infants often require _______ for respiration due to immaturity of the lungs

Answer 25

**Surfactant**

Question 26

CNS mylelinization continues through the \_\_\_\_

Answer 26

1st year

Question 27

When learning to walk 12-19 month olds were found to take over ________ steps, walk a distance of _______ and fall _______ times per hour!

Answer 27

* 2000 steps * 7 football fields * 17 times

Question 28

Movement and balance development follows a sequence relative to the three planes of the body:

Answer 28

1. Sagittal 2. Frontal 3. Transverse

Question 29

Development of movement proceeds in a...

Answer 29

* **Cephalocaudal** or head to tail direction * Head control before trunk control * **Proximally to distally**: * Proximal control of shoulder for general reaching before control of grasp * **General to specific:** * Raking grasp before pincer grasp

Question 30

Muscle tone development:

Answer 30

**Flexor muscles before extensor muscles**, as readily seen in the full-term neonate who is born with physiologic flexion.

Question 31

Antigravity control development:

Answer 31

**Occurs first in extensor muscles** at a particular joint, prior to the development of the antagonist flexor muscles at that joint.

Question 32

Weight bearing development:

Answer 32

Occurs on flexed extremities before weight bearing occurs on extended limbs. Ex prone on elbows occurs before quadruped.

Question 33

What is the differences between primitive and mature **weigh sift movement pattern**?

Answer 33

* **Primitive** weight shift is characterized by **lateral flexion** toward the weigh bearing side. * **Mature** weight shift is associated with **elongation** on the weight bearing side

Question 34

At birth:

Answer 34

* Physiolical flexion * Turns head side to side * Automatic stepping

Question 35

1 MO:

Answer 35

Attempts to lift head in midline

Question 36

2 MO:

Answer 36

* Abasia * Astasia * Fencer's posture

Question 37

3 MO:

Answer 37

* Beginning of midline head control * Rolling supine to s/l non-segmentaly

Question 38

4 MO:

Answer 38

* Prone on elbows. * Hands to midline.

Question 39

5 MO:

Answer 39

1. Unilateral reaching prone on elbows 2. Prone on extended arms 3. Pivot prone posture 4. Beginning intra-axial rotation 5. Rolling prone to supine, segmentally 6. Head lifting in supine 7. Supine, hands to knees and feet 8. Supine, hands to feet 9. Supine, feet to mouth 10. Propped sitting 11. Supine bridging

Question 40

6 MO:

Answer 40

* Rolling supine to prone segmentally. * Ring sitting, unsupported, with high guard. * Transfering objects hand to hand.

Question 41

8 MO:

Answer 41

* Independent sitting with secondary curves. * Beginning quadruped. * Beginning pull to stand. * Volitional forearm supination.

Question 42

10 MO:

Answer 42

* Creeping * Plantigrade posture * Plantigrade creeping * Pulling to standing and lowering self * Cruising

Question 43

12 MO:

Answer 43

* Pulling to standing through half-kneeling. * Walking independently.

Question 44

15 MO:

Answer 44

creeping up stairs *Depending on home environment opportunities*

Question 45

18 MO:

Answer 45

walking up stairs with help or handrail

Question 46

**Atypical** motor development is often is related to...

Answer 46

abnormal muscle or postural tone **Hypotonia** / **Hypertonia**

Question 47

Postural and equilibrium reactions develop as the infant or primitive reflex patterns become integrated or fade away. What are the **3 types of postural reactions**?

Answer 47

* **Righting Rx’s**: function to keep the head oriented to the body and to gravity and to keep the eyes level with the horizon * **Equilibrium reactions:** adjust for changes of the body in space, to keep you balanced over a point. * **Protective Reactions:** help to protect ourselves from harm and falls.

Question 48

High or low muscle tone:

Answer 48

* **Low muscle tone** result is changes in muscle length, soft tissue and joint structures Which can result in true structural or orthopedic changes. * **High muscle tone** results in decreased muscle memory elongation and limited patterns of movement, muscle length changes.