1
Q
What is the development gap
A
The difference in standards of living between the worlds richest and poorest countries
2
Q
What is GNI
A
Gross national income
The total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from and paid to other countries . It is expressed as per capita of the population
3
Q
What is HDI
A
Human development index
measures a countries level of social and economic development by using
life expectancy
number of years in education
GNI
4
Q
What is standard of living
A
refers to wealth, comfort and material goods and the necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in an area
5
Q
What is Quality of life
A
The general well-being of an individual or society
6
Q
What is standard of living measured with
A
Quantitative data using GNI
7
Q
What is quality of life measured with
A
Qualitative data using..
PQLI- physical quality of life index
HPI- happy planet index
8
Q
What is the demographic transition model
A
A theoretical model that shows changes in population information over time, published by Warren Thompson
9
Q
What is stage 1 of the DMT
A
High fluctuating
Birth rate and Death rate are both high which keeps the population constant.
10
Q
Which countries are in Stage 1 DMT
A
No whole countries but certain tribes in Brazil
11
Q
What is Stage 2 of the DMT
A
Early expanding
Birth rate stays high and Death rate begins to fall causing a rise in the population
12
Q
Which countries are in Stage 2 of the DMT
A
Botswana and Afghanistan
13
Q
What is Stage 3 of the DMT
A
Late expanding
Birth rate begins to fall fast and Death rate also falls but slowly, total population growth slows down
14
Q
Which countries are in Stage 3
A
India and Nigeria
15
Q
What is Stage 4 of the DMT
A
Low fluctuating
Birth rate and Death rate are both fluctuating at a low level, total population is mostly stable
16
Q
Which countries are in Stage 4
A
most countries
UK, America and Australia
17
Q
What is stage 5 of the DMT
A
Declining
Birth rate falls lower than Death rate causing total population to fall.
18
Q
Which countries are in Stage 5
A
Japan and Germany
19
Q
Causes of uneven development
A
economic
physical
historical
20
Q
What are the economic causes of uneven development
A
LIC’s generally export primary produce and as supply is normally higher than demand they are sold for low prices.
21
Q
What are the physical causes of uneven development
A
Some places suffer more from climate related diseases
Lack of safe water can be a barrier
Some places suffer from extreme weather
22
Q
What are the historical causes of uneven development
A
colonialism
money may have had to be spent on arming a country for war
governmental corruption
23
Q
Definition of immigrant
A
a person who moves into a country
24
Q
Definition of emigrant
A
A person who moves out of their country
25
Definition of economic migrant
A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life such as a better paid job
26
Definition of refugee
A person who is forced to move from their country of origin often as a result of a natural disaster or civil war
27
Definition of a displaced person
A person forced to move from their home but who stays in their original country
28
Asylum seeker
People who have fled their homes and claim international protection, but whose status has not yet been fully determined.
29
What is the gini-coefficient
Internal capacities, measurement of how evenly wealth is spread (0-1) where 1 is worst
30
How is healthcare affected by uneven development
Healthcare in LIC's is extremely limited compared to HIC's
31
Healthcare in LIC's
40% of deaths are children under 15 years
infectious diseases are the main cause of death
32
Healthcare in HIC's
main causes of death are chronic diseases
1% of deaths are children under 15
33
Strategies for reducing the development gap (7)
Aid
Trade & Fairtrade
Investment
Debt relief
Industrial development
Intermediate technology
Microfinance loans
34
How does AID reduce the development gap
When a country or NGO donates resources to another country to help it develop or improve peoples lives
This could be..money, equipment, food, training
35
How does Trade & Fairtrade reduce the development gap
Free trade- when countries don't charge tariffs and quotas, this benefits the world's poorest countries
Fair trade- allowing farmers to get a fair price
36
How does Investment reduce the development gap
When a country or a TNC invests in an LIC to increase its profits
37
How does intermediate technology reduce the development gap
allows people to improve businesses with use of technology
Agriculture can be improved with machinery
38
What is top down development
Large scale projects using governments to allow money and benefits to trickle down
39
What is bottom up development
Small scale projects, idea that if an individual gains more money they will spend it locally and on taxes which will allow benefit to grow
40
How can tourism reduce the development gap
Encourages money to be spent in local areas as increased foot fall can increase profit to local businesses, money can be invested into transport and provides jobs in accommodation and services.
41
What is the case study for the effect of tourism on the development gap
Jamaica
42
Statistics that show the effect of tourism on the development gap
2018- 34% of Jamaica's GDP was gained through tourism
2020- covid caused 5% increase in unemployment
2024- $4.3 billion spent in Jamaica
43
Importance of Nigeria within Africa
largest labour force in Africa
largest agricultural output
highest GDP and 3rd largest manufacturing sector
44
Importance of Nigeria globally
15th largest oil provider
major contributor to UN peace
predicted to be in top 15 economies by 2050
45
Nigeria's political situation
1838- Nigeria was colonised
1960- gained independence
1967-1970 civil war
1999- country became stable
2015- elections seen as free and fair
46
Nigeria's social situation
multi-ethnic faith
foreign investment
47
Nigeria's environmental situation
Nigeria is made up of rainforest, semi-desert and Savanna it is also home to sweet oil
48
Nigeria's economical situation
Investments in science and technology training and there have been rapid advances in technology, there are also a lot of people who can speak English giving potential for a rise of tele-communication
49
Nigeria's political links
African union
ECOWAS
World trade organisation
UN
CEN-SAD
50
Why is Nigeria's economy changing
Manufacturing increase
Development has increased
Newly balanced economy
Sources of income (liable to oil fluctuations)
Political and trading links
Investment from China
51
How has China changed Nigeria's economy
Chinese population demand more than it can provide so Nigeria provides the rest of the resources.
China is its main export partner
$10 billion to drill new oil field
52
How does the balance of the economy effect Nigeria's economy
Nigeria's economy has changed from reliant on agriculture to balanced between Services and Industry, these industries are more lucrative.
53
How can manufacturing stimulate economic growth
Attracts foreign investment
Allows more profitable processes than exportation of raw materials
Provides reliable income so people can spend money in the economy
54
What TNC's operate in Nigeria
Shell
KFC
55
Why do TNC's invest in Nigeria
Presence of crude oil
Large supply of cheap labour available
Very cheap land
Coastal regions make exporting easier
56
Advantages of TNC's
Employment opportunities
Tax revenues+export revenues
Local produces have a bigger market
Workers can learn new skills
Money is brought into the country
Can invest in the local community
57
Disadvantages of TNC's
Takes money from local businesses
Most of the profit goes abroad
Low wages
Government spends money attracting TNC's rather than on population
Economic leakage-money is sent back to HQ's
58
History of Shell in Nigeria
Shell has been operating in the Niger Delta from 1958
59
Advantages of Shell
Provides employment for 2700 people
9000 contracters (97%) are Nigerian
Over 90% of Shell contracts given to Nigerian workers
Around $50,000 per year spent on healthcare
Provides 3,000 scholarships
Provide 75% of energy for those not connected to the grid
60
Disadvantages of Shell operations
Pollution from oil spills
Fishing industry destroyed
Cancer causing chemicals found 900x safe limit
Oil spills contaminate soil reducing agricultural output
Oil theft and sabotage promotes violence
Most profits go abroad to UK
61
Social advantages of Shell
Provides 2700 jobs, 9000 for contractors (97% Nigerian)
$50,000 per year spent on health
300 scholarships
62
Economic advantages of Shell
Provides 2700 jobs, 9000 for contractors (97% Nigerian)
Trying to support the manufacturing industry
63
Environmental advantages of Shell
Shell scheme has been funding renewable energy sources such as solar power
64
Social disadvantages of Shell
Fishing industry has ben destroyed
Cancer causing chemical s found 900x over the safe limit
Cancer cases have been rising
Human rites abuses
65
Economic disadvantages of Shell
Oil theft and sabotage
most profits go to UK
Shell has reduced taxes by registering in Nigeria
66
Environmental disadvantages of Shell
Pollution from oil spills
Fish population has hugely decreased
67
Examples of disadvantages of Shell
Ogale Oil Spills
2013-2016 there were over 40 oil spills
68
Disadvantages of economic growth
Rubbish dumps form where waste isnt sorted
Waste is incinerated to get rid of it causing pollutants and green house gases
69
Disadvantages of Urban growth
Squatter settlements are common
Waste disposal is a big problem
new developments have caused violent conflicts
70
Disadvantages of Industrial Growth
Chemical waste can get into water supplies
Industries emit poisonous gases
71
Economic development effects on Quality of Life
Better access to safe water
Access to a better diet
Reliable energy and heating
Better quality of healthcare
Improvements to infrastructure like roads
72
What is the multiplier effect
When economic development allows more jobs, allowing people and companies to pay more taxes
allowing the government to spend more money on healthcare and education
this allows a stronger and more skilled workforce
allowing economic development
73
Why is the oil revenue not closing the gap
political corruption
fluctuations in price of oil
overdependence on oil
revenue not used effectively
74
Nigeria QoL improvement
2000-2011 Nigeria had one of the biggest improvements in HDI globally
75
Challenges to Nigeria's Quality of Life
Terrorist group Boko Haram spread fear against investors, tourists and population
Pollution of oil spills
Historical conflict between tribes
pests like Tsetse fly restrict commercial farming
Religious divide
76
How has the UK's economy changed
Industrial revolution brought the rise of the secondary sector and a huge decline in the primary
77
Why has the UK economy changed
Deindustrialisation- machines have replaced people in modern industry and ither countries can produce things at cheaper rates
Globalisation
78
What is globalisation
the growth and spread of ideas around the globe, which is responsible for the explosion of the quaternary sector
79
What is the post-industrial economy
manufacturing industry has declined to be replaced by the services sector and the development o the quaternary sector
80
Why have the quaternary and service sector increased
Development of information technology
-> in 2019-775,000 people were employed in IT
Services and finances
> 2019- services took 81% of UK economic output
Research
> employed 1/4 of a million people in 2018
81
What is a science park
a group of scientific or technological businesses on a single site.
There are 90 in the UK, many are linked to universities
82
What is a business park
An area of land occupied by a group of businesses, they are normally located on the edges of towns where there is cheaper rent, more space and lots of roads.
83
Info about Cambridge Science park
Established in 1970
130 companies, 7,250 employees
50% of companies incorporated in this decade
84
Info about Cobalt Business Park
UK's largest business park
has companies such as Santander, IBM
20 mins from an international airport
85
What environmental impacts does industrial transport cause
Transport of raw materials is generally done by road which are widened or newly built, disturbing the environment and causing more pollutants
86
Environmental impacts of industry
Aesthetics
Pollution
Transport
Waste
Vibrations from machinery
Soil degradation
87
How long was the UK a member of the EU
1973-2021
88
How has the EU affected the UK
Long term laws on pollution
Farmers financial support
Support for disadvantaged regions
EU is the biggest single market in the world
Net immigration of 49,000 citizens from the EU
89
Case study for changing rural environment
Torr Quarry Somerset
90
How is Torr Quarry reducing it's impact on surroundings
60 acres of site landscaped to blend in
Limestone is transported by rail rather than road
Regular monitoring of noise, vibration, dust emissions and water quality
2010- decision made to deepen the quarry instead of widening it
91
What effects was torr quarry having on its surroundings
natural habitats were destroyed
scars the landscape
pollutes water sources
92
Changes to transport infrastructure (4 examples)
South west super highway
Londons cross rail
Liverpool 2
Expansion of Heathrow airport
93
Road improvements in UK
2014- £15 billion Road Investment Scheme
100 new road schemes by 2020
1300 new lane miles added to motorways
extra lanes added to motorways turning them into 'smart motorways'
94
What is the South West super highway
plan to widen the A303 using £2 billion to lower congestion as it is the main route to the south west
95
Railway improvements in the UK
electrification of Trans-Pennine express railway between Manchester and York by 2020
electrification of Midland mainline between London and Sheffield by 2023
HS2 a £50 billion plan to connect birmingham and london
96
What is London's cross rail
involve 32km of new 'twin-bore' tunnels costing £14.8 billion under central london aiming to bring a further 1.5 million people within a 45 minute commute from London
Expected to be used by 200 million each year
97
Port improvements in the UK
Belfast-£50 million invested in facilities for off-shore renewable energy
Avonmouth- £195 million invested for bulk handling and storage facilities
Felixstowe and Harwich- new rail terminal and upgraded cruise service facilities
98
Importance of UK ports
Biggest port industry in Europe due to England's long coast and trading history
Employ around 120,000 people
96% of all UK imports and exports travel via ports
99
How many do the ports employ in the UK
120,000
100
What is the liverpool 2
£300 million invested in construction of deep-water quay
this will double the ports capacity to over 1.5 million containers a year
reduces freight traffic on the road and supply thousands of jobs
101
Importance of aviation sector
employs 300,000 people
accounts for 3.6% of GDP
over 2 million tonnes of freight pass through the UK's ports per year
102
improvements to aviation sector
new runway at Heathrow (£18.6 billion)
lengthening existing runway at Heathrow (£13.5 billion)
new runway at Gatwick (£9.3 billion)
103
Importance of Heathrow
employs 76,000 people and handled 73 million passengers n 2014
104
What is the North South divide
the real or imagined cultural and economical difference between the South of England and the North of England
105
Why is there a North-South divide
during the industrial revolution growth was centred around the North and the welsh coal fields where heavy industries thrived however in the 1970's these industries have declined and unemployment has increased.
Alternative energy sources has decreased the value of oil fields
London and the South East developed due to a fast growing service sector
106
What has been used to try to decrease the divide
encouragement of foreign investment in the North
Financial support from UK government
attempts to develop the major cities such as Manchester
Transport improvements
107
What transport improvements have been proposed or implemented to decrease the North-South divide
HS2
upgrade of cross-Pennine motorway
Mersey gateway - toll bridge providing access to deep-sea port
108
What are local enterprise partnerships
Established in 2011, they are voluntary partnerships between local authorities and business.
This is to identify business needs in the area to encourage investment.
109
What are enterprise zones
24 created since 2011
aim to encourage establishment of new businesses and thus jobs in the area
provide businesses a discount rate of up to £275,000 over 5 year period
ensure provision of super fast broadband
financial allowances for machinery
simple planning regulations
110
Example of a local enterprise partnership
Lancashire LEP
111
UK's global importance
99% of internet traffic passes along submarine high power cables which are focused around the UK
Transport hub
London is an Alpha city and finance centre
GCSE Geography
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Decks in class (6)
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