1
Q
S4
A
Sound made by atria filling hypertrophic ventricle causing turbulent flow, always abnormal
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Aortic stenosis
HTN
CAD
Cardiomyopathy
2
Q
Cyanosis
A
Adult: Drug intoxication, choking, brain injury, cystic fibrosis, PE, high altitude
Child: Obstructed airway, asthma, RSV, Tetralogy of Fallot, hypothermia, seizure
3
Q
Developmental Delay
A
Trisomy 21, toxins (drugs, fetal alcohol), autism, malnourished/neglect, brain tumor, cerebral palsy
4
Q
Anxiety
A
OCD, social anxiety, GAD, panic disorder medications, separation
5
Q
Upper GI Bleed
A
Adult: Epistaxis, esophageal varices, neoplastic, MW tear, ulcer
Child: Gastritis, ulcers, varices, coagulopathy
6
Q
Abdominal/Pelvic Mass
A
Adult: Hepatocellular carcinoma, splenomegaly, appendicitis, fibroids, polycystic kidney, hepatitis, AAA
Child: Fecal impaction, intussusception, kidney, neoplastic (Wilm’s, renal cell carcinoma)
7
Q
Diarrhea
A
Adult: Drugs/medication, food intolerance/dietary, IBS, C. dif, carcinoid tumor
Child: Food intolerance, laxatives, infections, medications, malabsorption
8
Q
Constipation
A
Adult: Low fiber intake, neoplasm (colorectal cancer), pregnancy, drugs, hernia
Child: Diet, medication, cystic fibrosis, psychological, Hirschsprung’s
9
Q
Diplopia
A
Adult: Stroke, brain tumor, cataracts, Bell’s palsy, CN palsy, traumatic, HTN, dislocated lens
Child: Strabismus, intracranial mass, thyroid abnormality, keratoconus, refractive error
10
Q
Dizziness/Vertigo
A
Adult: Refractive error, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Meniere’s, neuronitis, zoster, stroke
Child: Ear infection, head trauma, acoustic neuromas, MS, panic disorder, seizures
11
Q
Hypotension
A
Adult: Hemorrhage, heart failure, pneumothorax, aortic dissection, AAA, substance abuse
Child: Anaphylaxis, shock, drugs, Addison’s, dehydration
12
Q
Dying Patients
A
- Palliative Care
- Communication
- Pronouncing death
- End of life directives and substitute decision maker
13
Q
Dysphagia
A
Adult: Achalasia, neoplasm, neuromuscular (stroke), reflux, structural (Zenker’s, tumor, strictures)
Child: Mechanical obstruction, neoplasm, cleft lip/palate, swallowing disorders
14
Q
Dyspnea
A
Adult: Lung cancer, asthma, COPD, PE ,CHF, MI, toxins
Child: Asthma, mechanical obstruction, panic attack/hyperventilation, anemia, CF
15
Q
Ear Pain
A
Adults: TMJ, sinusitis, trauma (frost bite piercing), otitis media/externa, trigeminal neuralgia
Child: Otitis media, trauma, foreign body, abscess, cerumen impaction
16
Q
Early Pregnancy Loss/Spontaneous Abortion
A
Drugs/toxins, chromosomal abnormality, PCOS, ectopic pregnancy, coagulopathy, uterine abnormalities
17
Q
Edema (generalized)
A
Adult: Heart failure, nephritic syndrome, DVT, cirrhosis, pregnancy
Child: Nephritic syndromes, allergy, malnutrition, medication, cardiac failure, thyroid disorders
18
Q
Hemoptysis
A
Adult: MW tear, AAA, lung infection, lung cancer, PE, TB
Child: Trauma, foreign body, AVM, bacterial pneumonia
19
Q
Edema (Localized)
A
Adult: DVT, injury, infection, lymphedema
Child: Infection, injury, inflammation, allergy
20
Q
Lower GI Bleed
A
Adult: Anorectal disease, colorectal cancer, trauma, enterocolitis
Child: C. dif, Hirschsprung’s, allergy, anal fissure
21
Q
Erectile Dysfunction
A
Depression, alcohol, medications, drugs, diabetes
22
Q
Eye Redness
A
Adult: EKC, corneal ulcer, bacterial infection, HSV keratitis, iritis, glaucoma
Child: Traumatic (eye rubbing), adenovirus, GPC, foreign body, blepharitis
23
Q
Frailty in the Elderly
A
Dementia, delirium, medication, social (isolation, poverty, elder abuse), malnutrition, visual/auditory change, mobility
24
Q
Breast Discharge
A
Prolactinoma, lactation, medication induced galactorrhea, mastitis, duct papilloma
25
Abdominal Distention
Adult: Hepatomegaly, fibroids, AAA, pregnancy, IBS, constipation, H pylori, bowel obstruction
Child: Volvulus, trauma, allergic, dietary, bowel obstruction
26
Failure to Thrive (infant)
Malnutrition, poor prenatal care, neglect, feeding problems (cleft lip/palate, malabsorption
27
Falls
Vertigo, syncope, malnutrition, decrease vision, choice of footwear, medication
28
Calcium Disorder
Adult: Renal insufficiency, hypoparathyroidism, malignancy, vitamin d deficiency
Child: Poor nutrition, malabsorption, medications
29
Abdominal Pain
Adult: Ulcer, appendicitis, colic, gastroenteritis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis
Child: Bowel obstruction, pyelonephritis, dietary, appendicitis
30
Fatigue
Adult: Malignancy, anemia, depression, stress, hypothyroid
Child: Psychosocial (poverty, poor living conditions, abuse), anemia
31
Genetic Concerns
Chromosomal, prenatal exposure, neural tube defects, auto dom/rec
32
Congenital Anomalies (Dysmorphic Features)
Trisomy 21, Turner's, Fragile X, fetal alcohol, hypothyroidism
33
Glucose Abnormality
Adult: Diabetes, dehydration, diet, DKA, obesity, adrenal insufficiency, medication
34
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1: autoimmune, idiopathic
Type 2: obesity, genetic, iatrogenic (medications)
Gestational: pregnancy
35
Headache
Adult: Migraine, tension, cluster, temporal arteritis, medication overuse, glaucoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, carbon monoxide
Child: Meningitis, traumatic hemorrhage, medication, sinusitis, eye strain, post concussion
36
Health and Climate Crisis
Heat
Malnutrition
Infectious disease
Refugee and immigrants
Physical/social consequences
37
Contraception
Hormone
Barrier
IUD
Abstinence
Sterilization
38
Health of Special Populations
Homeless
Disabled
Immigrants
Poverty
39
Hearing Loss
Adult: Aging, cerumen, otitis media/externa, Meniere's, medication (streptomycin, gentamycin, ASA)
Child: Foreign body, inner ear infection, perforation of tympanic membrane, vitamin deficiency, Alport's
40
Cardiac Arrest
Adult: Coronary artery disease, conduction abnormalities, myocardial abnormalities, PE, hypothermia
Child: Structural abnormalities (Marfan's, congenital), respiratory (pneumonia, bronchiolitis), infection (sepsis, meningitis), traumatic child abuse
41
Hemoglobin (Anemia)
Normocytic: cell loss, cell destruction, decreased production, chronic disease
Microcytic: iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies
Macrocytic: vitamin b12 or folate deficiency, alcohol abuse
42
Hemoglobin Elevation
Elevated EPO (hypoxemia, EPO secreting tumor)
Decreased plasma volume
Polycythemia vera
43
Hypothermia management
1. Severity
2. Precipitating events
3. Life saving measures
4. Long term treatment plan
5. Active vs passive rewarming
6. Need for specialized care
44
Urinary Incontinence
Adult: Dementia, UTI, stress, cystitis, outflow obstruction, immobility
Child: Anxiety, delayed development, UTI, diabetes
45
Fecal Incontinence
Adult: Cauda equina, rectal prolapse, colorectal cancer, IBS
Child: Anxiety, dietary, neurological
46
Indigenous Health
1. Demonstrate awareness of root cause of inequitable health care and outcomes experienced by Indigenous Peoples
2. Provide anti-racist and culturally appropriate care
3. Describe health services delivered to IP
4. Four key themes of United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous people (right to self-determination; right to cultural identity; right to free, prior and informed consent; and the right to be free from discrimination)
47
Immunizations
1. Assess immunization status
2. Recommend appropriate schedule
3. Counselling
4. Contraindications
5. Special at risk groups
48
Jaundice
Adult: Hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, gallstones, pancreatic carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma
Child: Hemolytic, Gilbert's, hypothyroid, infection, biliary atresia
49
Back Pain
Adult: Muscle strain, disc herniation, vertebral fractures, cancerous metastasis, vertebral osteomyelitis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, pancreatitis, AAA
Child: Trauma (falls, abuse), malingering, neoplastic mass
50
Ataxia
Adult: Neurological disorder (Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis), traumatic, osteoarthritis, disc herniation, head injury, alcohol
Child: Neurological (cerebral palsy), stroke, toxins, neoplastic, vitamin b12 deficiency
51
Neck Pain
Adult: Disc herniation, muscle strain, whiplash, fracture, neoplasm, arthritis
Child: Meningitis, mumps, neoplasm, arthritis
52
Chest Pain
Adult: MI, angina, asthma, pneumothorax, drugs/toxins, GERD, costochondritis, shingles, AAA
Child: Stress/anxiety, hyperventilation, cardiac abnormality, fractured rib
53
Joint Pain - Non-Articular Musculoskeletal Pain (pain in the muscles but not the joints)
Adult: Multiple sclerosis, overuse, depression, polymyalgia rheumatica, medications (statins), fibromyalgia
Child: Vitamin D deficiency, Guillan Barre, hypothyroid, connective tissue disorder (SLE, RA, PAN, etc)
54
Joint Pain - Oligoarthralgia (pain in 1-4 joints)
Adult: Ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, RA, psoriatic arthritis, hepatitis, giant cell arteritis, gout
Child: Rubella, connective tissue disease (SLE, PAN), spondyloarthropathies (AS, juvenile arthritis, Reiter's), sickle cell
55
Coagulation Abnormalities
Adult: VWB, medication, cancer, traumatic (abrasion, laceration), platelet disorder
Child: Hemophilia A/B, vitamin deficiency, neoplastic, epistaxis
56
Coagulation Abnormalities
Adult: VWB, medication, cancer, traumatic (abrasion, laceration), platelet disorder
Child: Hemophilia A/B, vitamin deficiency, neoplastic, epistaxis
57
Joint Pain - Polyarthralgia (pain in more than 4 joints)
Adult: RA, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, polymyalgia rheumatica, septic arthritis
Child: Juvenile polyarthritis, SLE, fractures
58
Language and Speech Disorders
Adult: Head injury, Parkinson's, loss of hearing, stroke, neck neoplasms
Child: Stuttering, deafness, autism, neglect/abuse, cleft lip/palate
59
Legal, Ethical and Organizational Aspects of Medicine - Confidentiality
1. Know what the exceptions are
2. Who to release information to
3. Mandatory disclosures
4. Limitations
5. Alternate decision makers
60
Legal, Ethical and Organizational Aspects of Medicine - Consent
1. How to obtain informed consent
2. Know steps to take for substitute decision makers
3. Implied consent
4. Issues with verbal/written consent
5. Identify information that must be provided
61
Legal, Ethical and Organizational Aspects of Medicine - Legal System
1. Federal vs provincial statutes
2. Regulatory bodies
3. Awareness of when consultation is important
62
Legal, Ethical and Organizational Aspects of Medicine - Negligence
1. Elements required to prove negligence
2. Differences in standard of care based on health care provider
3. Appropriate communication with patient
4. CMPA
63
Legal, Ethical and Organizational Aspects of Medicine - Truth Telling
1. Communicate effectively
2. Identify challenging situations and how to best address them
3. Ascertain personal/cultural context of patient or professional
4. Recognize when it is necessary to disclose personal beliefs or values that could be in conflict with patient choices
64
Limp in Children
Abuse, trauma, neuromuscular disorders, bone deformity, referred pain, tumor
65
Lump/Mass (Musculoskeletal)
Benign: Lipoma, epidermoid cysts, osteomyelitis, hematoma, rheumatoid nodules, granuloma
Malignant: sarcomas (leiomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma)
66
Lymphadenopathy (submandibular, axillary or inguinal nodes that are abnormal in either size, consistency or number)
Localized:
Strep (look for tender cervical nodes, sore throat)
Mononucleosis (symmetric adenopathy, usually cervical but sometimes axillae or inguinal)
Skin and soft tissue infection (cat scratch, cellulitis, etc look for erythema and tenderness of isolated node)
TB (cough)
Kawasaki (tender cervical nodes in children)
Generalized:
Idiopathic
Neoplastic (painless adenopathy, look for fever and weight loss)
HIV (look for fever, malaise, rash)
SLE (look or malar rash, arthritis)
Sarcoidosis (look for cough, muscle weakness, weight loss, could also be localized)
67
Mediastinal Mass
Adult: Thymoma, lymph nodes, esophageal abnormalities, cardiac tumor
Child: Ectopic thyroid, teratoma, lymphadenopathy, meningomyelocele, cystic hygroma
68
Menopause
12 months of amenorrhea
Give HRT for symptom control of hot flashes (beneficial effects on bone mineral density but increases risk of breast cancer after 5-7 years)
69
Amenorrhea
Adult: Pregnancy, menopause, PCOS, premature ovarian insufficiency, rapid weight loss
Teen: Pregnancy, PCOS, hypothalamic dysfunction, ovulatory dysfunction, OCP, anorexia
70
Oligomenorrhea (infrequent less then 6-8 periods per year)
Adult: Premature ovarian insufficiency, fibroids, endometritis, PCOS, polyps
Teen: Breakthrough bleeding on OCP, cervical polyp, coagulopathy (VWB)
71
Dysmenorrhea (painful periods)
Endometriosis, chronic PID, IUD, polyp, cysts, cervical stenosis, adenomyosis
72
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (Approach)
- PMDD is similar to PMS but causes more severe symptoms and impairment of functioning
- Approach should include:
1. Symptom diary
2. Ruling out other disorders (depression, hypothyroidism, anemia, etc)
3. Assess their effect on ADLs
4. Creating a management plan
5. Counselling patient
73
Abnormal Heart Sounds and Murmurs
Adult: Stenotic or regurgitant valve, mitral valve prolapse, endocarditis, pericarditis, MI
Child: Innocent murmur, bacterial endocarditis, transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, ASD
74
Coma
Adult: Trauma (MVA, attack), stroke, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, intoxication, uremia
Child: Shock, trauma, seizure, hypoglycemia (look for preceding somnolence), neoplastic (look for loss of milestones in recent weeks), encephalitis
75
Delirium
Adult: Dehydration, Bipolar, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, drugs/toxins, neurosyphilis
Child: Viral or bacterial infection (pneumonia), antihistamine or other med side effect, concussion, high fever, hypoglycemic
76
Mental Status - Neurocognitive Disorders and Dementia
Adult: Alzheimer's, vascular dementia, brain trauma, drugs/medications/toxins, Parkinson, intracranial mass, infections
77
Depressed Mood
Adult: Major depressive disorder, bipolar, drugs/toxins, medication, hypoglycemic, grief, PTSD
Child: Anxiety, malnourished, bullying/abuse, poor living conditions, drugs/toxins
78
Mania/Hypomania
Adult: Bipolar, substance abuse, cyclothymic, other medical conditions, TBI, neurosyphilis, heavy metal poisoning, substance withdrawal, borderline
Child: Bipolar, TBI, thyroid disorders, ADHD, schizophrenia
79
Abnormal Liver Function Tests
AST: multiple sources (esp muscle)
ALT: more specific to liver
Adult: Hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, alcoholism, live failure, biliary obstruction, pregnancy, gallstones
Child: Gibert's, renal disease, medications, autoimmune, Celiac, virus
80
Involuntary Movement or Tic Disorders
Adult: Parkinson, Wilson's, Huntington's, Tourette's, substance abuse, essential tremor, myoclonus
Child: Tourette's, autism, infection, MS, medication
81
Goiter
Adult: Thyroid disease (Grave's), lymphadenopathy, salivary gland tumor, vascular aneurysm,
Child: Thyroid disease (Hashimoto's), infectious mononucleosis, cyst
82
Neonatal Distress
Premature, maternal medications, decreased respirations, heart disease, infection
83
Numbness/Tingling
Adult: Peripheral neuropathy, medications, Raynaud's, spinal stenosis/osteoarthritis/osteoporosis, MS, HSV
Child: Toxins, nerve trapping (disc herniation?), spinal mass
84
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Childhood abuse, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, infection
85
Oral Conditions
Adults: Candidiasis, drugs (meth), xerostomia, malignancy
Child: Dental abscess/caries, cleft lip/palate, lichen planus, carcinoma
86
S3
Sound made from the filling of compliant left ventricle
Congestive heart failure, MR, TR
Can be normal in pregnancy and athletes
87
Central/Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Adult: Fibromyalgia, MS, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, disc herniations or spinal mass, nerve entrapment, post herpetic
Child: Neurotoxic drugs, MS, TBI, spinal mass or abnormality
88
Generalized Pain Disorders
Adult: Fibromyalgia, polymyalgia, depression, arthritis (?)
Child: Munchausen's, malingering, growing pains, mitochondrial disease, adjustment disorder
89
Palpitations
Adult: Medications, CHF, MI, a fib, PE, sepsis/shock, pheochromocytoma/carcinoid, pregnancy
Child: Substance abuse, anxiety, caffeine, thyrotoxicosis, WPW, dehydration
90
Crying Child
Colic, food intolerance, infection, reflux, discomfort, teething, constipation, intussusception, hunger
91
Acid Base Abnormality
Metabolic acidosis: methanol, kidney injury, ketoacidosis
Metabolic alkalosis: mineralocorticoid excess, vomiting, diuretic
Respiratory acidosis: hypoventilation, drug use, asthma
Respiratory alkalosis: hypoxemia, hepatic failure, PE
92
Hypotonic Infant
Premature, infection, hypoglycemic, spinal muscle atrophy, congenital myopathy , systemic (sepsis, dehydration), genetic (Prader Willi)
93
Pelvic Pain
Adult: Pyelonephritis, ectopic pregnancy, pregnancy, endometriosis, PID, UTI, IBS, hernia
Child: Colic, UTI, constipation, appendicitis
94
Preventative Health - Immunizations
1. Contraindications
2. Proper communication and informed consent
3. Counselling those who refuse
4. Organizing a schedule
5. At risk populations
6. Vaccine storage and administration
95
Preventative Health - Newborn Assessment
1. Maternal and perinatal history
2. Psychosocial history
3. Screen for acute illness and congenital malformations
4. Caregiver concerns
5. Specialized care
96
Preventative Health - Preoperative Medical Evaluation
1. Medical/social/family history
2. Relevant diagnoses (sleep apnea, malignant hyperthermia)
3. Special concerns in management (mobility, positioning, post op care)
4. Communication with health professionals
5. Management of stress
97
Preventative Health - Well Child
1. Growth
2. Development (milestones)
3. Motor skills
4. Communication and language
5. Cognitive abilities
6. Self care
7. Behavioral and emotional health
98
Personality Disorders
Cluster A MAD
Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Cluster B BAD
Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
Cluster C SAD
Avoidant, dependent, OCD
99
Pleural Effusion (fluid in pleural space)
Adult: Heart failure, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, trauma, malignancy, pneumonia, chylothorax (damaged thoracic duct)
Child: Infection (pneumonia, bacterial, etc), congestive heart failure, malignancy, post surgical, nephrotic syndrome, trauma
100
Poisoning
Household cleaner, anticholinergic, alcohol, sedatives, analgesics, SSRIs, beta blockers
101
Population Health and Its Determinants - Administration of Effective Health Programs at the Population Level
- Methods of regulation of health profressional and institutions
- Regulated vs non regulated health care providers
- Ethical issues
- Adjustment of programs to fit population needs
- What can be improved
102
Population Health and Its Determinants - Assessing and Measuring Health Status at the Population Level
- Collecting information
- Critical evaluation
- Assessing risk
- Analyze populations
- Interpret results
103
Population Health and Its Determinants - Concepts of Health and Its Determinants
Define and discuss the determinants/concepts of health, wellness, illness, disease and sickness
104
Population Health and Its Determinants - Disaster Preparedness
- How to determine when to announce emergency
- Cause of disaster
- Management of patients and peers
- Collaboration
- Mitigation
- Participation in emergency response
- Assist with emergency recovery
105
Population Health and Its Determinants - Environment
- Identify common environmental hazards
- How to perform risk assessment
- Regulatory agencies
- Interventions
- Communication to community
106
Population Health and Its Determinants - Health of Special Populations
- Health outcomes for special populations
- Cultural perspectives
- Countries of origin and their specific risks for illness
- Provide culturally safe care
- Public policy
107
Population Health and Its Determinants - Interventions at the Population Level
- Levels of prevention
- Community needs
- Understand role as physician
- Public policy
108
Population Health and Its Determinants - Outbreak Management
- Characteristics and management of an outbreak
- Risk factors
- Communication skills
- Preventing or reduce risk
109
Population Health and Its Determinants - Work Related Health Issues
1. Ergonomic hazards (e.g. awkward postures and movements, poor lighting)
2. Chemical hazards (e.g. organic solvents, metals, asbestos, toxic gases)
3. Physical hazards (e.g. noise, vibration, radiation)
4. Biological hazards (e.g. blood or other body fluids, animal and bird droppings)
110
Hyperkalemia
Adult: Acidosis, insulin deficiency, beta blockers, tumor lysis, renal failure, hyperaldosteronism, medications
Child: Burns/trauma/tumor lysis syndrome, kidney disease, increased intake (IV or oral or transfusions), Addison's, acidosis
*Look for peaked T waves in moderate and flatted P with wide QRS in severe
* Alters the resting membrane potential so that cells do not repolarize leading to muscle paralysis
*Tx:
Protect heart: calcium gluconate
Shift K+ into cell: D50W + insulin, NaHC03, salbutamol
Remove K+: fluids + furosemide, dialysis
111
Hypokalemia
Adult: Insulin excess, excessive sweating/dehydration, DKA, RTA, medications, alcoholic, diuretics
Child: Starvation, vomiting, kidney disease, diarrhea, laxatives
*Look for lengthened PR, ST depression, T inversion and appearance of U
112
Pregnancy - Intrapartum and Postpartum Care
- History and physical
- Emotional and psychosocial needs
- Onset, stages and progression
- Complications
- Management plan
113
Pregnancy - Prenatal Care
- Informed decision making
- Counselling (vitamins, smoking cessation, weight management)
- Risks
- Genetic counselling
- Partner violence
- Preterm labor
114
Prescribing Practices
- History
- Contraindications
- Writing a prescription clearly
- Communicating with patient to ensure adherence
- Care given their socioeconomic status
115
Preterm Labor
1. Substance abuse
2. Placental abruption
3. Infection
4. Neonatal distress
5. Eclampsia
116
Proteinuria
Adult: Nephrotic syndrome (membranous GN), SLE, diabetes, HIV, malignancy, multiple myeloma
Child: Nephrotic syndrome (minimal change), meds (NSAIDS, penicillin), ATN, rhabdomyolysis, dehydration
117
Pruritis
Adult: Liver disease, allergy, iron deficiency, uremia, cholestasis, carcinoid
Child: Allergy, psoriasis, scabies, eczema, dry skin, congenital jaundice, parasite
118
Psychosis
Adult: Substance abuse, high fever or infection, psychiatric disorder (bipolar, schizophrenia), hypoglycemia, brain injury
Child: Substance abuse, medication, brain malignancy, seizure, malnutrition
119
Acute Renal Failure
Adult: Medication, diabetes, trauma, shock, RAS, kidney stone, bladder obstruction
Child: HUS, sepsis, toxins, glomerulonephritis, TTP, kidney tumor
120
Chronic Renal Failure
Adult: HTN, diabetes, obstruction
Child: Toxins, PKD, kidney dysplasia
121
Scrotal Mass
Adult: Hernia, cyst, hydrocele, post surgical swelling, testicular tumor
Child: Mumps orchitis, testicular torsion, varicocele, traumatic hematoma
122
Scrotal Pain
Adult: Torsion, tumor, cellulitis, referred pain from ureteric stone
Child: Acute orchitis, cyst, undescended testes, idiopathic, HSP,
123
Seizure/Epilepsy
Adult: Infection, diabetes, brain neoplasm, medication, withdrawal, meningitis
Child: Febrile seizure, infection, drug induced, head trauma, toxins
124
Sexual Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (depression, diabetes, spinal cord injury, beta blocker, aging)
Genito-pelvic pain (menopause, endometriosis, PID)
Substance/medication induced
Gender dysphoria
Sexual disorders (arousal disorders, anorgasmia, paraphilic disorders)
125
Abnormal Pubertal Development
Chromosomal abnormality, androgen dysfunction, malnutrition, HP axis dysfunction
126
Skin Rash - Urticaria & Angioedema
Adult: Medication, allergic reaction, serum sickness, cold (Raynaud's), mastocytosis
Child: Allergic reaction, toxins, insect bite, C1 esterase inhibitor mutation
127
Skin and Integument Conditions
Erythema: Cellulitis, gout, burns, rosacea
Macules: Allergy, drugs, sun freckle, chloasma, measles
Nodule: Wart, lipoma, cyst, BCC, xanthoma
Hirsutism: PCOS
128
Abnormal Serum Lipid
Adult: Hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, cigarette smoking, chronic kidney disease, liver disease
Child: Sedentary lifestyle, familial hypercholesterolemia, steroid therapy, diabetes,
129
Sleep Wake Disorders
Adult: Anxiety, PTSD, sleep apnea
Child: Anxiety, abuse, poor environment
130
Hypernatremia
Adult: Dehydration, vigorous exercise, high fever, central diabetes insipidus, quick IV infusion,
Child: Kidney disorder (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), poor diet, meds (lithium)
131
Hyponatremia <136
Adult: 3rd spacing, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, SIADH, cirrhosis, renal failure
Child: Hypothyroid, stress, renal failure
132
Somatic Symptoms
Adult: Malingering, fibromyalgia ,substance abuse, PTSD, undiagnosed condition
Child: Physical abuse, anxiety, major life change, drug abuse
133
Sore Throat and Rhinorrhea
Adult: Common cold, COVID, strep throat
Child: Sinus infection, tonsillitis, URTI, croup, allergy
134
Short Stature
Chromosomal abnormality, maternal toxins, medications (steroids), malnutrition, IUGR, low birth weight
135
Tall Stature
Hereditary, connective tissue disorder (Ehlers's Danlos, Marfan's), acromegaly, Klinefelter's (46 XXY), precocious puberty
136
Strabismus and Amblyopia
Adult: Trauma, cataract, CNS tumor
Child: Muscular deficit, cerebral palsy, brain tumor, thyroid eye disease
137
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Childhood trauma, family history, mental illness, chronic pain, psychosocial
138
Allergic Reactions
Drugs, allergens, toxins, insect bites, dust
139
SIDS
Young maternal age, smoking, alcohol abuse, poor perinatal care, sleep position, sleep environment
140
HTN
Adult: Apnea, renal disease, carcinoid tumor, drugs, diet, pheochromocytoma, sedentary, old age, primary hyperaldosteronism, Cushings
Child: Obesity, diet, smoking, fibromuscular dysplasia, medications, neuroblastoma
141
Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (characterized by a non-specific, resolved and episodic presentation, including any of the following: cyanosis or pallor; absent, decreased or irregular breathing; marked change in tone - hypertonia or hypotonia; and/or altered responsiveness)
Infectious, missed diagnosis, epilepsy, metabolic
142
Suicidal Behavior
Psychiatric psychosocial, substance abuse, malingering
143
Syncope and Pre Syncope
Cardiac arrest, hypovolemia, shock, hypoglycemia, stress, medication
144
Hematuria
Adult: UTI, bladder tumor, kidney stones, BPH, exercise
Child: Medications, food, infection, coagulopathy, HSP, UTI, PSGN
145
Fever and Hyperthermia
Adult: Infection, hypoglycemia, heat stroke, drugs
Child: URTI, gastroenteritis, otitis media, tonsillitis
146
Fever in Immunocompromised Individuals
Host deference (HIV, steroids, congenital), anatomic (surgery, burns), other (diabetes, splenectomy)
147
Hypothermia and Cold Related Injuries
Cold injury, alcohol
148
Tinnitus
Adult: Earwax, hearing loss, Meniere's, head injury, medication overdose, TMJ
Child: Medications, ear infection, labyrinthitis, migraine
149
Polyuria & Polydipsia
Adult: Diabetes, renal failure, increased intake, pyelonephritis, medications
Child: Conn's, diabetes, anorexia, renal failure
150
Cystitis (syndrome of dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, which is sometimes associated with suprapubic pain, and often found in the presence of pyuria)
Adult: Stones, UTI, STI, bladder cancer, urethral strictures
Child: UTI, physical trauma, vulvovaginitis, urethritis
151
Urinary Tract Obstruction
Adult: Stone, malignancy, infection, diabetes, meds
Child: Structural, stone, uretocele
152
Uterine Prolapse
Pregnancy, neurogenic dysfunction, genetic predispositon, connective tissue disorder, prior surgery
153
Vaginal Bleeding
Adult: Miscarriage, menstruation, neoplasm, trauma, endometriosis
Child: Trauma, abuse, PCOS, pregnancy, benign growth
154
Vaginal Discharge
Adult: STI, UTI, yeast infection, normal variant, menopause
Child: Abuse, yeast infection, contact vulvitis, HSV
155
Acute Visual Disturbances
Adult: TIA, MS, glaucoma, trauma, retina detachment
Child: Retina detachment, uveitis, corneal ulcer
156
Breast Mass
Cancer, medication, benign, endocrine disorders, infection, lactation
157
Chronic Visual Disturbance
Adult: Glaucoma, DR, MD, cataract, corneal ulcer
Child: Keratoconus, strabismus, corneal ulcer, poor CL hygiene, traumatic injury
158
Vomiting
Adult: Bulimia/anorexia, gall stones, increased ICP (mass, CVA, etc), GERD, IBD
Child: Overfeeding, esophageal atresia, intestinal obstruction, systemic infection
159
Weakness
Adult: Intoxication, medication, aging, infection, neurological condition
Child: Infection, trauma, hypoglycemia
160
Weight Gain
Adult: Obesity, hypothyroid, pregnant, alcohol
Child: Sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, edema, medication, PCOS, neglect
161
Weight Loss
Adult: Exercise, eating disorder, neoplastic, chronic infections (HIV, parasitic), poverty
Child: Anorexia, bulimia, malnourished, neoplasm, hyperthyroid, malabsorption, neglect
162
CVA and TIA
Adult: Aneurysm rupture, HTN, trauma, cocaine, atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia, endocarditis
Child: Seizure, meningitis, trauma, tumor, embolism
163
Cough
Adult: Asthma, medication, COPD, lung tumor
Child: URTI, aspiration, rhinitis, exposure to irritants, obstruction
164
Amenorrhea and Oligomenorrhea
Menopause, ovulatory dysfunction, hypothalamic dysfunction, cervical stenosis, lifestyle change (low weight, nutrition)
165
Hypertension
Adult: Essential HTN (cause unknown), medications, diet, atherosclerosis, RAS, OSA, kidney disorders
Child: Cushing Syndrome, pheochromocytoma, hyperthyroid, acromegaly, coarctation of the aorta
166
Hypotension
Adult: Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, anemia, MI, medications
Child: Starvation, endocrine disorders, fluid loss, hemorrhage
167
Breast Discharge
Adult: Pregnancy, papilloma, mastitis, OCP
Child: Pituitary adenoma, Paget's, PCOS
168
Ataxia
Adult: Substance abuse, alcohol, medication, neurological dysfunction (Parkinson's), hydrocephalus, MS, stroke
Child: Myasthenia gravis, medication, traumatic bleed, brain mass
169
Calcium Disorders
Adult: Parathyroid neoplasm, autoimmune, lung cancer, acidosis
Child: Malabsorption, malignancy, vitamin D, medications
170
Acid Base Abnormality
Adult: DKA, vomiting, drugs, hypoventilation, methanol
Child: Diarrhea, drugs, pneumonia, renal disorder
Study Cards
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
