Digestive System Flashcards by Kyla Mae

Take in food
Break down food
Absorb digested materials
Provide nutrients
Eliminate waste

digestive system

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Layer of the smooth epithelial tissue

peritoneum

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connective tissue of organs in abdominal cavity

mesenteries

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mesentery connecting lesser curvature of stomach to liver and diaphram

lesser omentum

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mesentery connecting greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon and posterior body wall

greater omentum

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First part of digestive system
Contains stratified squamous epithelia

oral cavity

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produce saliva which contains enzymes to breakdown carbohydrates into glucose
cleanse mouth
dissolve and moisten food

salivary glands

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salivary enzyme that breaks down
carbohydrates

amylase

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salivary enzymes that are active against bacteria

lysozyme

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house taste buds and mucus

tongue

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_______ is hard covering protects against abrasions

enamel

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how many teeth in a normal adult?

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how many primary (baby) teeth?

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Center of tooth is ______

pulp cavity

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______ are breakdown of enamel by acids from bacteria

cavities

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roof of oral cavity

palate

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anterior part of palate

hard palate

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posterior part of palate

soft palate

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includes submandibular, sublingual, parotid
produce saliva contains enzymes to breakdown food

salivary gland

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inflammation of parotid gland

mumps

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Type of secretion of parotid gland

purely serous

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Type of secretion of submandibular gland

mixed predominantly serous

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Type of secretion of sublingual gland

mixed predominantly mucous

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Throat
Connects mouth to esophagus

pharynx

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* Tube that connects pharynx to stomach * Transport food to stomach * Joins stomach at cardiac opening

esophagus

- occurs when gastric juices regurgitate into esophagus - caused by caffeine, smoking, or eating or drinking in excess

heartburn

Phases of swallowing

* voluntary phase * pharyngeal phase * esophageal phase * peristalsis

Swallowing phase: bolus (mass of food) formed in mouth and pushed into oropharynx

voluntary phase

swallowing phase: swallowing reflex initiated when bolus stimulates receptors in oropharynx

pharyngeal phase

swallowing phase: moves food from pharynx to stomach

esophageal phase

swallowing phase: wave-like contractions moves food through digestive tract (Myenteric plexus/Auerbach’s plexus)

peristalsis

* Located in abdomen * Storage tank for food * Produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes * Contains a thick mucus layer that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on ______ wall form acidic pH (3) * Can hold up to 2 liters of food

stomach

Function of the _______ of the stomach is to produce churning action

thick muscular layer

Function of the _______ of the stomach acts as the large folds that allow stomach to stretch

rugae

Function of the _______ of the stomach is the paste-like substance that forms when food begins to be broken down

chyme

opening between stomach and small intestine

pyloric opening

thick, ring of smooth muscle around pyloric opening

pyloric sphincter

stomach is stimulated to contract by low blood glucose levels usually 12-24 hours after a meal

hunger pangs

3 phases of regulation of stomach secretions

* cephalic phase * gastric phase * intestinal phase

Parasympathetic stimulation, gastrin, histamine increase stomach secretions

regulation of stomach secretions

- 1st phase of stomach secretion regulation - stomach secretions are initiated by sight, smell, taste, or food thought

cephalic phase

- 2nd phase of stomach secretions regulation - partially digested proteins and distention of stomach promote secretion

gastric phase

- 3rd phase of stomach secretion regulation - acidic chyme stimulates neuronal reflexes and secretions of hormones that inhibit gastric secretions by negative feedback loops

intestinal phase

2 types of waves in the stomach

* mixing waves * peristaltic waves

Stomach waves: - weak contraction - thoroughly mix food to form chyme

mixing waves

stomach waves: - stronger contraction - force chyme toward and through pyloric sphincter

peristaltic waves

_____ and _____ stimulate stomach secretions

Hormonal, neural mechanisms

Stomach empties every _ hours after regular meal, and ___ hours after high fatty meal

4, 6-8

What does surface mucous cells secrete?

mucin in an alkaline fluid

what does mucous neck cells secrete?

mucin in an acidic fluid

what does parietal cells secrete?

HCL & intrinsic factor

what does chief cells secrete

pepsinogen & lipase

What does G cells/enteroendocrine cells secrete?

gastrin

* Measures 6 meters in length * Major absorptive organ * Chyme takes 3-5 hours to pass through * Contains enzymes to further breakdown food * Contains secretions for protection against chyme’s acidity

Small intestine

3 parts of the small intestine

* duodenum * jejunum * ileum

part of small intestine: - 25 cm long - contains absorptive cells, goblet cells, granular cells, endocrine cells - contains microvilli and many folds - contains bile and pancreatic ducts

duodenum

part of small intestine: 2.5 meters long and absorbs nutrients

jejunum

part of small intestine: 3.5 meters long

ileum

* Function is to absorb water from indigestible food * Contains cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

large intestine

- joins small intestine at ileocecal junction - has appendix attached

cecum

9 cm structure that is often removed

appendix

- 1.5 meters long - contains ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid regions

colon

straight tube that begins at sigmoid and ends at anal canal

rectum

last 2-3 cm of digestive tract

anal canal

Food takes how long to pass through?

18 - 24 hrs

a product of water, indigestible food, and microbes

feces

Microbes synthesize vitamin __

* Weighs about 3 lbs. * In right upper quadrant of abdomen under diaphragm * Right, left, caudate, quadrate lobes * contains porta * Receives blood from hepaticartery

liver

gate where blood vessels, ducts, nerves enter and exit

porta

4 liver ducts

* hepatic duct * common hepatic duct * cystic duct * common bile duct

liver duct: transports bile out of liver

hepatic duct

liver duct: formed from left and right hepatic duct

common hepatic duct

liver duct: - joins common hepatic duct - from gallbladder

cystic duct

liver duct: formed from common hepatic duct and cystic duct

common bile duct

* Small sac on inferior surface of liver * Stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder

* Digestive and excretory functions * Stores and processes nutrients * Detoxifies harmful chemicals * Synthesizes new molecules * Secretes 700ml of bile each day

functions of liver

dilutes and neutralizes stomach acid and breaks down fats

bile

* Located posterior to stomach in inferior part of left upper quadrant * Head near midline of body * Tail extends to left and touches spleen * Endocrine tissues have pancreatic islet that produce insulin and glucagon * Exocrine tissues produce digestive enzymes

pancreas

breakdown of food occurs in stomach and mouth

digestion

moves food through digestive tract includes swallowing and peristalsis

propulsion

primarily in duodenum and jejunum of small intestine

absorption

elimination of waste in the form of feces

defecation

_____split into disaccharides by salivary and pancreatic amylases

Polysaccharides

____ broken down into monosaccharides by disaccharidases on surface of intestinal epithelium

Disaccharides

___ is absorbed by cotransport with Na+ into intestinal epithelium

Glucose

____ is carried by hepatic portal vein to liver and enters most cells by facilitated diffusion

Glucose

* Bile salts emulsify lipids * Lipase breaks down lipids which form micelles * Micelles are in contact with intestinal epi. and diffuse with cells where they are packaged and released into lacteals * Lipids are stored in adipose tissue and liver

liver digestion

* Proteins are split into polypeptides by enzymes secreted by stomach and pancreas * Peptides and amino acids are absorbed into intestinal epi. cells * Amino acids are actively transported into cells (help from GH and insulin) * Amino acids used to build new proteins

protein digestion

* ___ can move across intestinal wall in either direction * Depends on osmotic conditions * 99% of ____entering intestine is absorbed

Water

____ are actively transported across wall of small intestine

Minerals

Digestive System Flashcards

(90 cards)