(3) histo - finalss > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Controls homeostasis
  2. Maintains water balance
  3. Controls uterine contractions
  4. Controls milk production
  5. Regulates ions (calcium, sodium, potassium)
  6. Regulates metabolism and growth
  7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure
  8. Monitors blood glucose levels
  9. Aids the immune system
  10. Reproductive functions
A

Function of Endocrine System

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2
Q

secrete their product directly into blood stream

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

molecules that are released from one location, move to another location, and produce a response

A

Chemical signal

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4
Q

2 components of the endocrine system

A

Endocrine glands
Chemical signal

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5
Q

produce in one of part a cell and move to another part of same cell

A

Intracellular (chemical signals)

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6
Q

released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell

A

Intercellular (chemical signals)

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7
Q

2 types of chemical signals

A

Intracellular
Intercellular

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8
Q
  • released by cells and a have local effect on same cell type
  • Ex. Eicosanoids (released in response to inflammation)
A

Autocrine (Intercellular Signal)

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9
Q
  • released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity
  • Ex. Somatostatin (inhibits insulin secretion)
A

Paracrine (Intercellular signals)

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10
Q
  • secreted by nerve cells
  • Ex. Nervous system function
A

Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators (intercellular signals)

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11
Q
  • secreted into environment and modify behavior and physiology of other individual in same species
  • Ex. Women and menstrual cycles
A

Pheromones (intercellular signals)

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12
Q
  • secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites
  • Ex. Epinephrine and insulin
A

Hormones and neurohormones (intercellular signals)

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13
Q

Secreted by cells in a local area; influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted

A

Autocrine

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14
Q

Produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid; has a localized effect on other tissues

A

Paracrine

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15
Q

Produced by neurons; secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances; influences postsynaptic cells

A

Neurotransmitter

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16
Q

Secreted into the blood by specialized cells; travels some distance to target tissues; results in coordinated regulation of cell function

A

Endocrine

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17
Q

5 types of intercellular signals

A
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • neurotransmitter and neuromodulators
  • pheromones
  • hormones and neurohormones
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18
Q

location on a cell where hormone binds (lock)

A

receptor sites

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19
Q

group of cells that respond to specific hormones

A

target tissues

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20
Q

specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites

A

specificity

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21
Q

3 components of hormones

A
  • receptor site
  • target tissues
  • specificity
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22
Q

How does response occur:
1. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into ____________.
2. __________ travel to all parts of body
3. Hormones (key) bind to ______ (lock) on ______ tissue
4. _________ occurs

A
  • bloodstream
  • Hormones
  • receptor site, target
  • Response
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23
Q

How does hormones cause change?
* Alter cell activity of ________ by increasing or decreasing cell’s
normal processes
* Change ___________ of cell membrane by opening or closing ion channels
* Synthesis of __________

A
  • target tissues
  • permeability
  • proteins
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24
Q

Type of hormone:
- includes proteins, peptides, amino acids
- most common
- Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin

A

Water soluble hormones

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25
Type of hormone: - includes steroids and eicosanoids - Ex. LH, FSH, androgens
Lipid hormones
26
2 type of hormones
* water soluble hormones * lipid hormones
27
5 ways of regulation of hormones
* Blood levels of chemicals: Ex. Blood glucose levels (insulin) * Other hormones: Ex. TSH signals thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone * Nervous system: Ex. Epinephrine and fight or flight response * Negative Feedback: tells body when homeostasis is reached * Positive Feedback
28
Hormone receptors and mechanisms of action: 1. Lipid Soluble Hormones bind to _________ 2. Water Soluble Hormones bind to ____________ 3. ____________ Receptor Hormones
* Nuclear Receptors * Membrane-Bound Receptors * Intracellular
29
9 endocrine organs?
* pituitary gland * pineal gland * thyroid * thymus * adrenals * ovaries * testes * parathyroid * pancreas
30
* THE MASTER GLAND * Small gland in brain * Controlled by hypothalamus * Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior * Secretes at least 6 hormones
Pituitary gland
31
What hormone is this and which produces it? - Target tissues: most - Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and organs - Abnormalities: Too much GH causes giantism Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
Growth hormone (Anterior Pituitary Gland)
32
What hormone is this and where is is produced? - Target tissues: Thyroid gland - Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions - Abnormalities: Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH), Anterior pituitary gland
33
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissue: ovaries - Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone production
LH (Luteinizing) for females, Anterior pituitary gland
34
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissue: testes - Function: sperm production and testosterone
LH (Luteinizing) for males, Anterior pituitary gland
35
What hormone is this and where is it produced? * LH (Luteinizing) for females * LH (Luteinizing) for males
Gonadotropins, Anterior pituitary gland
36
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissue: follicles in ovaries - Function: follicle maturation and estrogen secretion
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females, Anterior pituitary gland
37
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes) - Function: sperm production
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for males, Anterior pituitary gland
38
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries - Functions: milk production
Prolactin, Anterior pituitary gland
39
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissues: kidneys - Functions: conserve water
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Posterior Pituitary Gland
40
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - Target tissues: uterus - Functions: increases uterine contractions during labor
oxytocin, posterior pituitary gland
41
What hormone is this and where is it produced? - low ADH - kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery) urine - can lead to dehydration and thirst
Diabetes insipidus, posterior pituitary gland
42
* One of largest glands * Requires iodine to function * Thyroid hormones: - Target tissues: most - Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is needed for growth
Thyroid gland
43
Abnormalities of thyroid gland: – Decreased metabolism – Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue – Low temp. and pulse – Dry, cold skin – Myxedema in adults – Cretinism in infants
Hypothyroidism
44
Abnormalities of thyroid gland – Increased metabolism – Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness – Higher temp. and pulse – Warm, flushed skin – Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)
Hyperthyroidism
45
# decreases calcium - Target tissues: bones - Functions: secreted when blood Ca2+ levels are high or elevated
calcitonin
46
- Target tissues: bones and kidneys - Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (more than calcitonin)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
47
If Ca 2+ is _____then osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
low
48
If Ca 2+ is _____ then osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
high
49
* Located on top of the kidneys * Aka Suprarenal gland * 2 regions - medulla and cortex
Adrenal gland
50
- Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells - Functions: released as part of fight or flight response
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine (Adrenal Medulla (inner portion))
51
- Type of mineralocorticoids - Target tissues: kidneys - Functions: - causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+ to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood pressure and blood volume
Aldosterone (Adrenal Cortex [outer portion])
52
- Type of glucocorticoids - Target tissues: most - Functions: 1. increases breakdown of fat and protein for energy uses 2. reduces inflammatory and immune responses
cortisol
53
- Target tissues: most - Functions: Males: secondary sexual characteristics Females: sex drive
Androgens
54
# Insulin or glucagon? - secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans - lowers blood glucose levels - Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue - Functions: - regulates blood glucose levels - after a meal glucose levels are high and insulin is secreted - extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
insulin
55
Abnormalities of pancreas: Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration, thirst, fatigue
Diabetes mellitus
56
Type of diabetes mellitus: Insulin dependent daily injections required
Type I
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Type of diabetes mellitus: Insulin independent, often found in obese people can be treated with diet and treated with hypoglycemic agents
Type II
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- secreted by the ***alpha cells*** of the Islets of Langerhans - ***increases*** glucose - Target tissues: liver - Function: - regulates blood glucose levels - between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is secreted - glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into glucose (glycogenolysis)
glucagon
59
- Target tissues: most - Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ development and function
Testosterone
60
What produces testosterone?
Testes
61
- Target tissues: most - Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland development and menstrual cycle
Estrogen/progesterone
62
What produces estrogen/progesterone?
Ovaries
63
- Target tissues: immune system tissues - Functions: promotes immune system development and function
Thymosin
64
What produces thymosin?
thymus gland
65
* Target tissues: hypothalamus * ***"sleep-wake cycle"*** * Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty controls circadian rhythms light affects its function
Melatonin (pineal gland)
66
What produces melatonin?
pineal gland
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