Digestive System

Question 1

Function of Digestive System

Answer 1

Digestion + Absorption

Question 2

Digestion

Answer 2

Breakdown of large food particles into smaller particles

Question 3

Absorption

Answer 3

Absorbing the small molecules into bloodstream

Question 4

Metabolism

Answer 4

Produce cellular energy (ATP)

Question 5

2 Major Parts of DS

Answer 5

Alimentary Canal (Digestive Tract) + Accessory Organs

Question 6

Alimentary Canal

Answer 6

Continuing tube in body that begins at mouth + ends at anus

Question 7

Order of Alimentary Canal

Answer 7

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum

Question 8

Accessory Organs

Answer 8

Salivary glands + Liver + Gallbladder + Pancreas

Question 9

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 9

Physical breakdown of food

Question 10

Chemical Digestion

Answer 10

Chemical breakdown of food into simpler nutrients that can be absorbed

Question 11

Mouth

Answer 11

Start of digestion

Question 12

Roles of Mouth

Answer 12

Ingestion; Food becomes a bolus; Mechanical digestion: Chewing with teeth; Chemical digestion: Salivary amylase begins breaking down carbs → glucose

Question 13

2 Forms of Mechanical Digestion

Answer 13

Mastication + Peristalsis

Question 14

Mastication

Answer 14

Chewing + crushing of food

Question 15

Pharynx

Answer 15

Muscular contractions push bolus into esophagus; Epiglottis close over trachea during swallowing to prevent choking

Question 16

Role of Esophagus

Answer 16

Moves bolus from mouth → stomach by pushing bolus using peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions)

Question 17

Peristalsis

Answer 17

Smooth muscle contractions that occur as food is passed along the digestive tract; Happens in slow intervals to push food in one direction

Question 18

Location of Peristalsis

Answer 18

Digestive Tract: Esophagus + Stomach + Intestines

Question 19

Role of Stomach

Answer 19

Mechanical: Churning mixes food with gastric juices; Chemical: Pepsin breaks down proteins → peptides; HCl acid kills bacteria and provides acidic pH for enzymes; Bolus becomes chyme

Question 20

Breakdown during CD

Answer 20

Done with aid of enzymes

Question 21

Start of MD + CD

Answer 21

Mouth when enzymes in saliva begins to break down food

Question 22

Nutrients (that are broken down)

Answer 22

Carbohydrates + Fats + Proteins

Question 23

Carbohydrates

Answer 23

Complex sugars broken down into glucose (simpler sugars)

Question 24

Fats

Answer 24

Fat is broken down into fatty acids + glycerol

Question 25

Proteins

Answer 25

Polypeptides broken down into smaller peptides + amino acids

Question 26

Glucose in DS

Answer 26

Absorbed through small intestine + used by cells for energy

Question 27

Excess glucose

Answer 27

Stored as glycogen

Question 28

Fatty acids + cholestrol in DS

Answer 28

Aid in hormone production + vitamin absorption

Question 29

Amino acids in DS

Answer 29

Used to build / repair new cells

Question 30

Breakdown of Food

Answer 30

Relies on specialized enzymes for each type of energy

Question 31

Locations where carbs are broken down

Answer 31

Mouth + Small Intestine

Question 32

Locations where proteins are broken down

Answer 32

Stomach + Small Intestine

Question 33

Location where fats are broken down

Answer 33

Small intestine

Question 34

Bolus

Answer 34

Partially digested food - formed when teeth chew food + saliva moistens it; Enters stomach from esophagus

Question 35

Stomach Acid

Answer 35

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Question 36

Stomach Acid Function

Answer 36

Break down proteins; Kill bacteria; Provides acidic pH for enzymes

Question 37

Mucus

Answer 37

Produced by glands in stomach; Protect stomach from its own acid

Question 38

Stomach Enzyme

Answer 38

Pepsin - help break down protein

Question 39

Chyme

Answer 39

Digested food in stomach (semi-liquid mixture)

Question 40

Small Intestine Function

Answer 40

Uses its own enzyme + enzymes from pancreas + bile produced in liver to finish breaking down nutrients

Question 41

Small Intestine Role

Answer 41

Absorb nutrients (glucose; amino acids; fatty acids); Last place where food is digested

Question 42

Villi Structure

Answer 42

Finger-shaped projections from wall of small intestine

Question 43

Villi Function

Answer 43

Cells on villi absorb nutrients from digested food → Nutrients transferred into bloodstream; Increase surface area of SI → More space for absorption = Absorb more nutrients

Question 44

Muscle Contractions of SI

Answer 44

2 types: Peristalsis + Segmentation

Question 45

Segmentation

Answer 45

Chyme is moved back and forth in short segments

Question 46

Liver Function

Answer 46

Produces bile; Stores vitamins; Breaks down toxins from body; Breaks down old cells; Produces proteins; Stores glycogen for energy

Question 47

Bile

Answer 47

Greenish-brownish fluid that aids in digestion; Breaks down fat into smaller components in emulsification

Question 48

Emulsification

Answer 48

Process where bile emulsifies fat which alters chemical composition of fats → Fats can mix with water → Easier for enzymes to break fats down into fatty acids

Question 49

Gallbladder

Answer 49

Stores bile

Question 50

Pancreas Function

Answer 50

Makes enzymes that are used to break down carbs + fats + proteins in SI; Makes insulin

Question 51

Glycogen

Answer 51

Modified version of glucose that can be stored in liver + muscles for energy

Question 52

Type I Diabetes

Answer 52

Juvenile Diabetes; Genetic condition in which the body stops making insulin at a very young age due to an autoimmune disease that attacks cells of pancreas

Question 53

Type II

Answer 53

Occurs in adults; Linked to obesity + lack of physical activity

Question 54

Large Intestine / Colon

Answer 54

Absorbs water + vitamins into bloodstream; What remains becomes feces; Billions of microorganisms live inside

Question 55

Rectum

Answer 55

Final stop of the alimentary canal / digestive tract; Peristaltic muscle waves force feces out through the anus