On average, a person produces about ___________ liters of saliva per day
1 to 1.5
Accessory organs of the Digestive System
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Function of Liver
Produce bile
Process nutrients
Detoxification
Function of Gallbladder
Stores bile
Concentrates bile
Fat digestion
Function of Pancreas
Secrete digestive enzymes
Secrete bicarbonate
Produce insulin
Produce glucagon
The digestive processes:
Ingestion - 1st step in digestion, where food enters the body through the mouth
Digestion - the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones, making it easier for cells to absorb nutrients.
Absorption - 3rd process in digestion, mostly occurring in the small intestine. Here, digestive juices, pancreatic juice, and bile help break down food for absorption.
Elimination - Egestion is the final process in digestion. It involves the release of undigested food, called feces, from the rectum, which is expelled in the body through the anus during defacation.
Regulation of digestive processes:
- Neural regulation
- Autonomic Nervous System
– Parasympathetic (stimulates digestion)
-> Vagus nerve
-> Pelvic nerve
– Sympathetic (inhibits digestion)
-> Spinal cord segments T5-L2
- Enteric Nervous System
– Myenteric plexus
– Submucosal plexus
- Hormonal Regulation
- Gastrin
- Secretin
- Cholecystokinin
- Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)
Where is gastrin produced?
Stomach
Where is secretin produced?
Duodenum
Where is cholecystokin produced?
Duodenum
Where is gastric inhibitory polypeptide produced?
Duodenum
When is gastrin produced?
Food in the stomach
When is secretin produced?
Acid
When is cholecystokinin produced?
Fat and protein in the duodenum
When is gastric inhibitory polypeptide produced?
Fats and bile
What is the function of gastrin?
Stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility
What is the function of secretin?
Stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas; inhibits gastric acid secretion.
What is the function of cholecystokinin?
Stimulates bile release and pancreatic enzyme secretion
What is the function of gastric inhibitory polypeptide?
Inhibits stomach motility and stimulates insulin
Common digestive disorders
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Peptic Ulcer Disease
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome
In the hypothetical case of digestive system, what was the profile of the patient
Patient Name: MARK VILLANUEVA
Age: 45
Sex: MALE
Occupation: SALES EXECUTIVE
In the hypothetical case of digestive system, what was the chief complaint of the patient?
Burning stomach pain, especially after meals
In the hypothetical case of the digestive system, what symptoms suggest a problem in the upper digestive tract?
- Burning or gnawing pain in the upper abdomen (epigastric area)
- Pain that is relieved temporarily by eating or taking antacids
- Pain worsens when he’s hungry or 1-2 hours after meals
- Frequent burping, mild nausea, and a sensation of bloating
In the hypothetical case of digestive system, why is H. pylori testing important in this case?
- Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of peptic ulcers
