1
Q
What does digestion mean?
A
Breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules ready for absorption
2
Q
What is an Enzymes?
A
act as biological catalysts, speeding up the breakdown of large food molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) into smaller, soluble nutrients that the body can absorb into the bloodstream
3
Q
What are the 3 groups that digestive enzymes groups?
A
1) Amylase
2) Lipase
3) Protease
4
Q
What are Amylase Enzymes?
A
Carbohydrates into di- and mono- saccharides
an enzyme that changes complex sugars (starches) into simple sugars
5
Q
What are Lipase Enzymes?
A
Lipods ( fat) into glycerol and fatty acids
an enzyme that breaks down Lipids ( fats) into glycerol and free fatty acids
6
Q
What are Protease enzymes?
A
Protein into amino acids
An enzyme that breaksdown protein into smalleer protein into smaller peptides or amino acids
7
Q
Define Prehension
A
Taking food into the mouth
8
Q
Define Mastication
A
Chewing
9
Q
What is the rostally oral cavity boundaries ?
A
Rostally - Teeth and lips
10
Q
What is Laterally oral cavity boundaries?
A
Laterally -Muscles of the check
11
Q
What is the dorsaly oral cavity boundaries?
A
Dorsally - The Hard plate
12
Q
What are the Ventally oral cavity boundaries?
A
Ventally - The tounge and muscles of the ventral mandible ( Jaw)
13
Q
What is the mouth lined with?
A
mucous membrane
14
Q
What are teeth used for?
A
mastication, hunting and fighting
15
Q
What is in the centur of a tooth?
A
A living centre called the pulp cavity , filled with blood vessels and nerves.
16
Q
What surrounds the Pulp Cavity?
A
Dentine
17
Q
What is the hard outer casing made of?
A
Enamel
18
Q
What is the visable part of the tooth called?
A
The crown
19
Q
What is the gum called ?
A
Gingvia
20
Q
What is below the Gingiva ?
A
Root of the tooth which is held in place by a strong Peridontal ligament
21
Q
What are the four different types of teeth
A
1) Incisors
2) Canines
3) Premolars
4) Molars ( also called the cheek teeth)
22
Q
How many sets of teeth do dogs and cats have?
A
2 sets
born with deciduous teeth which shed as the animal matures.
The permant teeth are called ‘ closed rooted’ because once they fully erupted they stop frowing
23
Q
What type of teeth do rabbits and guinea pigs ?
A
They have ‘open rooted’ teeth which grow continuously throughout the aniamls life.
they do not have canines instead have a gap between the incisoirs and cheek teeth called the diastema.
24
Q
How many teeth do dogs, cats , rabbits and guinea pigs have
A
Only indicates half of the mouth
25
what is the tounge covered in?
Mucous membrane, surface is covered in lingual papilae between the papilae are the taste buds.
tongue has a good nerve and blood supply; the sublingual vein and artery lie on the
ventral surface.
26
What are the uses of the tounge?
Prehension ( grasping or seizing)
* Taste
* Lapping
* Swallowing
* Heat Loss (by evaporation)
* Grooming
27
How many pairs of salivary glands are in the cat and dog?
There are 4 pairs of salivary glands.
28
Where is the sublingual salivary gland located?
It lies under the tongue.
29
Where is the submandibular salivary gland located?
It lies at the corner of the mandible (lower jaw).
30
Where is the parotid salivary gland located?
It lies below the cartilage of the ear.
31
Where is the zygomatic salivary gland located?
It lies under the zygomatic arch.
32
What is saliva made of?
Saliva is 99% water and 1% mucus and anti-bacterial agents.
33
Which animals have amylase in their saliva?
Rabbits and guinea pigs have amylase in their saliva.
34
Do cats have enzymes in their saliva?
No, cats have no enzymes in their saliva.
34
How much amylase is present in dog saliva?
Dogs have a very small volume of amylase in their saliva.
35
What triggers salivation?
Salivation is triggered by the sight, sound, smell, and taste of food, as well as cues associated with food preparation.
36
what are the functions of Saliva?
* Lubrication of food during swallowing
* Provides water for evaporation = heat loss
* Clean and protects the teeth and gums
* Grooming
37
Where is the pharynx located?
It is caudal to the oral cavity, i.e., the throat.
38
The pharynx is shared by which two body systems?
The digestive system and the respiratory system.
39
What structure divides the pharynx into two sections?
The soft palate.
40
What is the soft palate made of?
Skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane.
41
What is deglutition?
The act of swallowing.
42
What happens during deglutition?
The tongue and soft palate lift, forcing food backwards through the pharynx and into the oesophagus.
43
How is the rest of the digestive tract structured?
It is a long tube divided into sections, with each section adapted for specific functions.
44
How many layers does the digestive tract wall have?
It has 4 layers.
45
What is the innermost layer of the digestive tract wall?
The mucosa.
46
What layer lies just outside the mucosa?
The submucosa.
47
What type of muscle is found in the digestive tract wall?
Smooth muscle.
48
What is the outer supportive layer of the digestive tract wall?
Connective tissue.
49
How is food moved along the digestive tract?
By peristalsis.
50
What is peristalsis?
Sequential waves of smooth muscle contraction that move food along the digestive tract.
51
What is a sphincter in the digestive tract?
A thickened area of the muscle layer.
52
What is the function of a sphincter?
It acts as a gate, allowing food through when open and stopping movement when closed.
53
What is the function of the oesophagus?
It carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
54
Through which structures does the oesophagus pass?
It passes through the mediastinum and the oesophageal hiatus (hole) in the diaphragm.
55
What is emesis?
The act of vomiting.
56
What happens during vomiting?
Peristalsis occurs in the opposite direction, forcing food from the stomach back up the oesophagus and out through the mouth.
57
Is vomiting an active or passive process?
It is an active process requiring contraction of the abdominal muscles.
58
What is regurgitation?
A passive process of bringing food back up, without muscular contraction.
59
Where is the stomach located?
It sits in the cranial abdomen but can extend as far as the umbilicus when full.
60
What does the cardiac sphincter separate?
The oesophagus and the stomach.
61
Into how many main parts is the stomach divided?
3 parts
o The section above the cardiac sphincter is called the fundus
o The main part of the stomach is called the body
o The distal part of the stomach is called the pylorus
62
What separates the stomach from the small intestine?
the pyloric sphincter.
63
What is the shape of the stomach?
It is crescent shaped.
64
What is the shorter curve of the stomach called?
The lesser curvature.
65
What is the longer curve of the stomach called?
The greater curvature.
66
Where does the omentum attach?
To the greater curvature of the stomach.
67
What are rugae (rugal folds)?
Folds in the stomach lining that allow the stomach to expand and shrink as needed.
68
Where is gastric juice produced?
By the glands lining the stomach in the mucosa.
69
What are the three main components of gastric juice?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Pepsin
Mucus
70
Which cells produce hydrochloric acid?
Parietal cells.
71
Which cells produce pepsin?
Chief cells.
72
What type of enzyme is pepsin?
A protease (breaks down proteins).
73
Which cells produce mucus in the stomach?
Goblet cells.
74
What additional type of cells are found in the stomach lining?
Cells that produce hormones (endocrine cells).
75
What is one main function of the stomach?
It acts as a reservoir for food.
76
What types of digestion begin in the stomach?
Mechanical digestion and enzymatic digestion.
77
What is gastric transit time?
The time food spends in the stomach.
78
What factors affect gastric transit time?
Food type, species, age, and disease processes.
79
How quickly do liquids pass through the stomach?
In several minutes.
80
How long does most solid food remain in the stomach?
Approximately 3–6 hours.
81
Where does ingesta go after leaving the stomach?
Into the small intestine.
82
What are the two main functions of the small intestine?
Further digestion and absorption of nutrients.
83
How is the mucosa of the small intestine modified?
It contains villi.
84
What are villi?
Small projections from the mucosal surface that increase surface area for absorption.
85
What are microvilli?
Tiny projections of the epithelial cell membrane.
86
What is the function of microvilli?
To further increase surface area for absorption.
87
What structures are found inside each villus?
A network of capillary blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal.
88
What is the function of the capillary network in each villus?
To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
89
What is a lacteal?
A lymphatic vessel within a villus.
90
What is the function of a lacteal?
To absorb fats into the lymphatic system.
91
What immune structures are found in the mucosa of the small intestine?
Lymphoid areas for immune defence.
92
What are intestinal crypts?
Intestinal glands in the mucosa that produce intestinal juice.
93
Into how many sections is the small intestine divided?
Three sections.
94
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
95
What are the characteristics of the duodenum?
It is short and U-shaped, with openings from the pancreas and gall bladder.
96
What are the characteristics of the jejunum?
It is a very long, coiled section.
97
What are the characteristics of the ileum?
It is very short and is the last section of the small intestine.
98
What supports the small intestine?
The mesentery.
99
How many lobes does the pancreas have?
Two lobes.
100
Where is the pancreas located?
It lies next to the stomach and within the U-shape formed by the duodenum.
101
What does the pancreas produce?
Various hormones and pancreatic juice.
102
How is secretion in the small intestine controlled?
It is hormonally controlled.
103
Where is intestinal juice produced?
By glands in the intestinal wall.
104
Where is intestinal juice secreted?
Directly into the small intestinal lumen.
105
What are the main components of intestinal juice?
Water
Enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase)
Sodium bicarbonate
106
What is the function of enzymes in intestinal juice?
To digest proteins (protease), fats (lipase), and carbohydrates (amylase).
107
What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in intestinal juice?
It neutralises stomach acid.
108
Where is pancreatic juice produced?
By the pancreas.
109
Where is pancreatic juice secreted?
Into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.
110
What does pancreatic juice contain?
Sodium bicarbonate
Digestive enzymes
111
What is the function of sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice?
It neutralises stomach acid.
112
What is trypsin?
An important protease enzyme found in pancreatic juice.
113
Where is bile produced?
In the liver.
114
Where is bile stored?
In the gall bladder
115
How does bile enter the small intestine?
It enters the duodenum via the bile duct.
116
What are the main components of bile?
Bile acids
bile salts
Bile pigment (bilirubin)
117
What is the function of bile acids and bile salts?
Fat emulsification — breaking fat into smaller globules so lipases can work more efficiently.
118
What is bilirubin?
A bile pigment and breakdown product of red blood cells.
119
Does bile contain enzymes?
No, bile does not contain enzymes.
120
What must happen after digestion?
Nutrients must be absorbed into the blood.
121
Where are glucose and amino acids absorbed?
Into the capillaries in the villi.
122
How are glucose and amino acids transported around the body after absorption?
By the bloodstream.
123
How can fatty acids be absorbed?
They can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
124
What is another route for fatty acid absorption?
Into the lacteals within the villi, then transported via the lymphatic system.
125
Into which two parts is the large intestine divided?
The caecum and the colon.
126
In which animals is the caecum enlarged?
In some herbivores, such as rabbits, to allow for vegetation digestion.
127
What are the three sections of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, and descending.
128
How is the structure of the colon similar to the small intestine?
It has a similar basic structure, but no villi.
129
Are enzymes produced in the large intestine?
No, enzymes are not produced in the large intestine.
130
What type of cells are abundant in the large intestine mucosa?
Goblet cells (for mucus production).
131
What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water and electrolytes.
132
What is ingesta called after digestion and absorption are complete?
Faeces
133
Where are the rectum and anus located in the body?
In the caudal abdominal and pelvic cavities.
134
What is the function of the rectum?
It collects and stores faeces before defecation.
135
How many sphincters form the anal canal?
Two sphincters
136
What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
137
Which anal sphincter is under involuntary control?
Internal anal sphincter.
138
Which anal sphincter is under voluntary control?
External anal sphincter.
139
What is gut transit time?
The time it takes for food to be ingested, digested, absorbed, and the waste excreted as faeces.
140
What factors can affect gut transit time?
Species
Size
Diet
Age
Exercise
Disease
141
What is the gut transit time in dogs?
1–3 days
142
What is the gut transit time in cats?
1–2 days
143
What is the gut transit time in ferrets?
4–8 hours
144
Why do herbivores have a specially adapted digestive system?
Because their diet mainly consists of plant-based roughage and fibre, which is different from carnivores like cats and dogs.
145
What is most plant matter made of?
Cellulose, which mammals cannot digest on their own.
146
What nutrients can herbivores digest using their own enzymes?
Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
147
How do herbivores digest cellulose?
They use microbes in the digestive tract that break cellulose down into volatile fatty acids (VFAs).
148
What are volatile fatty acids (VFAs)?
Products of microbial digestion of cellulose that can be absorbed and used as energy by the animal.
149
What is the term for the mutually beneficial relationship between herbivores and digestive microbes?
Symbiotic relationship.
150
What type of fermenters are rabbits and guinea pigs?
Hindgut fermenters.
151
What does hindgut fermentation mean?
The caecum and colon are enlarged and act as fermentation chambers for microbes.
152
Where are VFAs produced and absorbed in rabbits and guinea pigs?
In the caecum and colon.
153
Why must rabbits and guinea pigs re-ingest some faeces?
Because microbial protein and certain vitamins cannot be absorbed in the hindgut, so they must be re-digested.
154
What is coprophagy?
Eating their own faeces to re-digest nutrients.
155
What two types of faeces do rabbits and guinea pigs produce?
Hard pellets
Caecotrophs
156
What are hard pellets in rabbits and guinea pigs?
Indigestible waste that even microbes cannot break down.
157
What are caecotrophs?
Soft faecal pellets that are eaten by the animal and re-digested.
158
What is the liver?
The largest gland in the body.
159
Where is the liver located?
In the cranial abdomen, next to the stomach and spleen.
160
How is the liver divided structurally?
Into several lobes.
161
How many liver lobes do dogs, cats, and guinea pigs have?
6 lobes.
162
How many liver lobes do rabbits have?
4 lobes.
163
What structure lies between the liver lobes and stores bile?
The gall bladder.
164
What are liver cells called?
Hepatocytes.
165
What three main categories describe liver functions?
Production
Storage
Breakdown
166
What substances does the liver produce?
Bile
Plasma proteins
Body heat
167
What does the liver store?
Glycogen (storage form of glucose)
Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
Minerals such as iron
168
What hormones does the liver break down?
Old hormones.
169
What is deamination?
Breakdown of old proteins to produce urea.
170
What is detoxification in the liver?
Breakdown of toxins and drugs.
171
What is bilirubin and what does the liver do with it?
Bilirubin is produced from broken-down red blood cells and is eliminated by the liver.
VN04
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Digestive system172
-
Urinary System88
-
Section 5 - understand the key principles of veterinary business38
-
Pharmacy Legislation119
-
Pharmacological Management69
-
Pharmacology 1100
-
Pharmacology 2112
-
Routes of administration and pharmacokinetics120
-
Reading data sheets and calculating drug dosage17
-
Prescribing supplying dispensensing, adminstering medication and client advice/ record keeping44
-
zoonoses and antibiotic reisitance108
