VN04 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

A

In the dorsal abdomen in a sublumbar position.

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3
Q

Which kidney is positioned more caudally?

A

The left kidney.

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4
Q

What does the term retroperitoneal mean for the kidneys?

A

They are located behind the peritoneum rather than within the peritoneal cavity.

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5
Q

What structure leaves the kidney at the renal hilus?

A

The ureter.

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6
Q

Which blood vessel supplies the kidney with blood?

A

The renal artery from the aorta.

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7
Q

Which blood vessel drains blood from the kidney?

A

The renal vein, which joins the vena cava.

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8
Q

What colour is the kidney?

A

Red-brown.

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9
Q

What type of covering surrounds the kidney?

A

A fibrous capsule.

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10
Q

How many internal layers does the kidney have?

A

Three layers.

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11
Q

What are the three internal layers of the kidney?

A

Cortex, medulla, and pelvis.

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12
Q

Which layer of the kidney is the outer layer?

A

The cortex.

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13
Q

Where is the renal pelvis located?

A

At the renal hilus.

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14
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Small tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder.

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15
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

To transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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16
Q

How do the ureters move urine to the bladder?

A

By peristalsis (wave-like muscular contractions).

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17
Q

Where is the bladder normally located?

A

In the pelvic cavity.

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18
Q

What happens to the bladder when it becomes full?

A

It expands and can extend into the abdominal cavity

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19
Q

How far can the bladder extend when full?

A

As far as the umbilicus.

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20
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

On the dorsal surface of the bladder.

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21
Q

How many main parts is the bladder divided into?

A

Three parts.

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22
Q

What are the three main parts of the bladder?

A

Body, apex, and neck.

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23
Q

What is the body of the bladder?

A

The main part of the bladder.

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24
Q

What is the apex of the bladder?

A

The cranial tip of the bladder.

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25
What is the neck of the bladder?
The part closest to the urethra.
26
What is the trigone of the bladder?
The area between the ureters and the urethra.
27
How does urine leave the bladder?
Through the urethra.
28
How many sphincters control urine leaving the bladder?
Two
29
What is the function of the urinary sphincters?
They act as gates to retain urine and allow urination when needed.
30
What type of muscle forms the internal urinary sphincter?
Smooth muscle.
31
Is the internal urinary sphincter consciously or unconsciously controlled?
Unconsciously controlled
32
What type of muscle forms the external urinary sphincter?
Skeletal muscle.
33
Is the external urinary sphincter consciously or unconsciously controlled?
Consciously controlled.
34
What type of coordination is required for urination?
Coordination between the conscious (somatic) and unconscious (parasympathetic) nervous systems.
35
Which part of the unconscious nervous system is involved in urination?
The parasympathetic nervous system.
36
Which muscles may assist during urination?
The abdominal muscles.
37
Through which structure does urine leave the bladder?
The urethra.
38
After passing through the urethra, where does urine exit the body?
Through the external genitalia.
39
What is the kidney made up of?
Many thousands of nephrons.
40
What is the main function of nephrons?
To filter the blood, remove waste, and produce urine.
41
What are the main structural parts of a nephron?
Glomerulus with glomerular capsule, tubules, and collecting ducts.
42
What structures form the renal corpuscle of the nephron?
The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
43
What are the three main parts of the nephron tubules?
Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule.
44
What is the function of the collecting ducts in the nephron?
They collect urine from multiple nephrons and transport it toward the renal pelvis.
45
What is the main function of the kidneys?
To filter waste from the blood.
46
Where does the filtration process occur in the nephron?
In the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule.
47
What is the glomerulus?
A small bundle of capillaries.
48
Why are substances forced out of the blood in the glomerulus?
Because the blood pressure in the capillaries is higher than the pressure in the glomerular capsule.
49
What happens when small molecules are forced out of the blood into the glomerular capsule?
They form the filtrate.
50
What substances stay in the blood, and what substances forming in the filtrate
51
What happens to the filtrate after filtration in the glomerulus?
It passes along the tubules of the nephron.
52
What happens to the filtrate as it moves through the tubules?
It is modified.
52
What happens to useful substances in the filtrate?
They are resorbed (reabsorbed) back into the bloodstream.
52
What is the purpose of reabsorption in the nephron tubules?
To return useful substances from the filtrate to the blood.
53
Approximately how much reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
About 80% of useful substances are reabsorbed here.
54
Which nutrients are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Glucose and amino acids.
55
Which salts are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
56
What fluid is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Water
57
What substances are actively excreted into the proximal convoluted tubule?
Larger waste molecules such as drug and toxin metabolites.
58
What substances are further reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?
Sodium, chloride, and water.
59
What ions are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?
Sodium and chloride.
60
What ion is exchanged for sodium and chloride in the distal convoluted tubule?
Potassium
61
Which hormone is required for sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule?
Aldosterone
62
Is water also reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?
Yes, some water is reabsorbed.
63
What substance is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts?
Water
64
Which hormone controls water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
65
What remains in the tubule after reabsorption in the collecting ducts?
Urine
66
Where do the collecting ducts transport urine?
To the renal pelvis and then the ureters.
67
What important role do the kidneys play in the body?
Maintaining homeostasis (the body’s stable internal state).
68
How do the kidneys influence blood pressure and hydration?
By controlling the amount of salt and water leaving the body.
69
What hormone is produced by the kidney when blood pressure is low?
Renin
70
What does renin trigger in the body?
A hormone cascade that leads to the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland.
71
Where does aldosterone act in the nephron?
The distal convoluted tubules.
72
What does aldosterone cause in the kidneys?
Increased sodium reabsorption into the bloodstream.
73
How does aldosterone affect blood pressure?
It increases blood pressure.
74
Where is anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) produced?
In the pituitary gland in the brain.
75
What triggers the release of ADH?
Low water levels in the body.
76
Where does ADH act in the nephron?
The collecting ducts.
77
What effect does ADH have on water in the kidneys?
It increases water reabsorption into the bloodstream.
78
How does ADH affect urine concentration?
it produces more concentrated urine by conserving water.
79
What are the main functions of the kidneys?
Waste removal, maintaining homeostasis, vitamin D activation, and hormone production.
80
What is one major function of the kidneys related to waste?
Removal and excretion of waste products.
81
Which waste products are excreted by the kidneys?
Urea and creatinine.
82
What other waste substances are removed by the kidneys?
Drug and toxin metabolites.
83
How do the kidneys help maintain blood pressure?
By regulating salt balance.
84
How do the kidneys help maintain hydration?
By regulating water balance.
85
What vitamin is activated by the kidneys?
Vitamin D.
86
Which hormones are produced by the kidneys?
Renin and erythropoietin
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