Digestive System - Need to Study

Question 1

tongue points of attachment

Answer 1

hyoid bone, mandible, lingual frenulum

Question 2

types of papillae (3)

Answer 2

1. circumvallate
2. fungiform
3. filiform

Question 3

pharynx muscles / physiology

Answer 3

2 skeletal muscle layers:

1. inner longitudinal layer
2. outer circumferential layer

contract alternatively to cause peristalsis

Question 4

digestive tract tissue layers & purposes

Answer 4

1. mucosa (inner layer): secretes mucus into gi tract
2. submucosa: contains blood & lymph vessels, lymph nodes, nerves, mucous glands
3. muscularis externa: 2 layers of muscle for peristalsis -
   - outer longitudinal fibers
   - inner circumferential fibers
4. serosa (outer layer): cells make serous fluid (reduces friction btwn organs)

Question 5

large intestine sections (8)

Answer 5

1. cecum
2. appendix
3. ascending colon
4. transverse colon
5. descending colon
6. sigmoid colon
7. rectum
8. anal canal

Question 6

sphincters of anal canal

Answer 6

1. internal (smooth muscle, involuntary)

2. external (skeletal muscle, voluntary)

Question 7

types of carbs (2) + examples

Answer 7

1. starches (grains, veggies)

2. sugars (milk, fruit)

Question 8

types of lipids (3) + examples

Answer 8

1. saturated fats (dairy/meat)
2. unsaturated fats (olive oil, nuts)
3. cholesterol (beef, egg yolks)

Question 9

types of proteins (2) + examples

Answer 9

1. complete proteins (animal products)

2. incomplete proteins (beans)

Question 10

7 essential minerals

Answer 10

calcium
chloride
magnesium
phosphorus
potassium
sodium
sulfur

Question 11

greater omentum

Answer 11

• part of peritoneum that attaches greater curvature to posterior wall of abdomen
• hangs down like apron covering transverse colon & anterior small int.

Question 12

lesser omentum

Answer 12

part of peritoneum (serous membrane covering stomach) that attaches lesser curvature to liver

Question 13

stomach pH source/function

Answer 13

comes from HCl secreted by parietal cells. kills bacteria & converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 14

lesser curvature

Answer 14

concave, extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach (top)

Question 15

greater curvature

Answer 15

convex, extends outward on longer side of stomach (bottom)

Question 16

small intestine sections (3)

Answer 16

1. duodenum (shortest)
2. jejunum
3. ileum

Question 17

absorption process in small intestine

Answer 17

Each small intestinal villus contains blood vessels and a lacteal lymphatic vessel - villi are where absorption occurs.

1. Sugars and amino acids enter villi cells –> absorbed into the bloodstream.
2. Glycerol and fatty acids enter villi cells –> reassembled into fat molecules –> lacteals.

Question 18

large intestine functions (4)

Answer 18

1. reabsorbs water
2. reabsorbs electrolytes
3. moves waste to anus
4. absorbs vitamins B + K produced by intestinal bacteria

Question 19

anabolism

Answer 19

synthesis: set of reactions combining smaller molecules to make larger molecules

Question 20

catabolism

Answer 20

breakdown: set of reactions breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules

Question 21

electron transport chain

Answer 21

hydrogen atoms from glycolysis and the TCA cycle are converted to water. This releases energy which is used to add phosphate to ADP to create ATP.

Question 22

How is the energy released in the breakdown of glucose converted to a form usable by the cells?

Answer 22

The energy released in the breakdown of glucose allows for a phosphate to be added an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule. This makes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is cells use as energy to perform cellular activities.

Question 23

lipid breakdown

Answer 23

occurs in liver, called beta-oxidation
creates 2x energy as glucose breakdown

1. fat broken down –> acetic acid
2. TCA cycle: acetic acid –> CO2 + ATP
3. electron transport: H –> H2O + energy –> energy used to add phosphate to ADP –> ATP

Question 24

protein breakdown

Answer 24

1. amino group removed from protein –> ammonia
2. TCA cycle: ammonia –> CO2 + ATP
3. electron transport: H –> H2O + energy –> energy used to add phosphate to ADP –> ATP
4. excess ammonia –> urea (in liver, bc ammonia = harmful to body)
5. urea excreted from body in urine

Question 25

glycolysis

Answer 25

glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules, producing 2 ATP

Question 26

citric acid / TCA cycle

Answer 26

pyruvate molecules converted to CO2, producing 2 ATP