Digestive System V

Question 1

Anatomical position of pancreas? (Approx., not exact terms)

Answer 1

adjacent to duodenum

Question 2

Where are pancreatic juice and bile excreted to?

Answer 2

duodenum

Question 3

Functions of pancreas

Answer 3

both exocrine and endocrine functions

Question 4

What cells are responsible for exocrine function?

What do they release?

Answer 4

Acinar cells

• Proteases
• Trypsinogen
• Chymotrypsinogen
• Lipase
• Amylase

Question 5

Function of Islet of Lungerhans?

Answer 5

Endocrine function

Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells = insulin
Delta cells = somatostatin

Question 6

Two types of parenchyma cells?

Answer 6

• hepatocytes

- phagocytotic Kupffer cells

Question 7

Functional liver unit?

Answer 7

lobes

Question 8

Hepatocytes are arranged as plates separated by blood channels. What are the blood channels?

Answer 8

sinusoids

Question 9

Can the liver regenerate?

Answer 9

Liver is very regenerative

2/3 can be surgically removed

Question 10

Functions of the liver?

Answer 10

• fat metabolism
• carbohydrate metabolism
• protein metabolism
• storage of glycogen, vitamins, and iron
• detoxification of various drugs and toxins, such as alcohol
• synthesis and secretion of bile

Question 11

Structure of Pancreas

Answer 11

• capsule

- septa = subdivide parenchyma into lobules

Question 12

What does glucagon do?

Answer 12

increases blood glucose

Question 13

What does insulin do?

Answer 13

cellular glucose uptake

Question 14

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 14

inhibit growth hormone secretion

Question 15

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 15

Sensory nerve ending, pressure receptor

Pressure from stomach filled with food may be part of signaling for pancreas to produce its product

Question 16

Diabetes Mellitus and the Pancreas

Answer 16

• Most common endocrine disorder in the dog
• d/t deficient production of insulin by beta cells of islets (Type I, insulin-dependent)
• or d/t insulin receptor marfunction at target tissues (Type II, insulin-independent)

Question 17

Onset of diabetes?

Answer 17

• usually at an age greater then 5 years

- 5x more likely in females, Samoyeds, and Dachshunds

Question 18

Clinical presentation of diabetes?

Answer 18

• large amount of urine

- sudden weight loss with increased appetite

Question 19

Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 19

• acute inflammation of pancreatic exocrine system
• pancreatic digestive enzymes are released into local tissue d/t damage of pancreatic acinar cells
• life-threatening = rare in humans, occasionally in dogs
• sometimes in cats, cattle, and horses

Question 20

Clinical Presentation of Acute pancreatitis?

Answer 20

• severe pain
• vomiting
• sudden weight loss
• NO appetite

Question 21

Largest single gland in vertebrates?

Answer 21

liver

Question 22

Endocrine function of the liver?

Answer 22

• angiotensinogen (angiotensin II precursor)
• albumin
• clotting factors

Question 23

Exocrine function of the liver?

Answer 23

• bile
• cholesterol
• phospholipids
• bile pigments
• bile salts

Question 24

Fat metabolism of the liver?

Answer 24

• oxidising triglycerides
• synthesis of plasma lipoproteins
• synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipid

Question 25

Carbohydrate metabolism of the liver?

Answer 25

- converting carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids and triglyceride - regulation of blood glucose concentration by glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 26

Protein metabolism of the liver?

Answer 26

- synthesis of plasma proteins, including albumin and clotting factors - synthesis of non-essential amino acids - detoxification of metabolic waste products

Question 27

What is stored in the liver?

Answer 27

- glycogen - vitamins - iron

Question 28

Intermediary metabolism of the liver?

Answer 28

detoxification of various drugs and toxins, such as alcohol

Question 29

Secretion of the Liver?

Answer 29

synthesis and secretion of bile

Question 30

In rats, up to 2/3 of the liver can be removed with complete regeneration. How is this possible/

Answer 30

The hepatocytes of the liver are capable of mitotic division

Question 31

Hepatocytes

Answer 31

- contain many mitochondria - a lot of S.E.R. - have hundreds of metabolic processes that take place in them

Question 32

Kupffer Cells

Answer 32

- phagocytic cells | - line sinusoids

Question 33

The hepatic artery brings what to the liver?

Answer 33

nutritional blood supply

Question 34

The portal vein brings what to the liver?

Answer 34

functional blood supply

Question 35

In the liver, does blood flow toward the central vein or toward the portal vein?

Answer 35

central vein

Question 36

Gallbladder

Answer 36

- stores and concentrates bile - absent in horse, deer, rat, and some birds = continuous secretion of the bile -lined by simple columnar epithelium

Question 37

Liver Disease

Answer 37

- difficult to diagnose - signs not evident until much of the liver is damaged b/c of large reserve - B/c liver's functional comples, variety of signs can be present, but may look like malfunctions of other organs

Question 38

Clinical presentation of liver disease

Answer 38

- icterus (jaundice) - ascites - lower serum albumin - photosensitization - behavioral changes from lethargy to stupor or coma - tremors - agitation - hemorrhage d/t clotting defects