1
Q
Define: Arc from high‑voltage line.
A
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
2
Q
What is Arc from high‑voltage line?
A
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
3
Q
Which term is best described as: Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
A
Arc from high‑voltage line
4
Q
True or False: Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
A
True — statement is correct.
5
Q
Name one key feature of Arc from high‑voltage line.
A
Direct contact is not required
6
Q
Fill in the blank — Arc from high‑voltage line: ________
A
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
7
Q
What is the significance of Arc from high‑voltage line in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
A
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
8
Q
Arc from high‑voltage line — quick recall:
A
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
9
Q
Define: Skin resistance (dry).
A
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
10
Q
What is Skin resistance (dry)?
A
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
11
Q
Which term is best described as: Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
A
Skin resistance (dry)
12
Q
True or False: Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
A
True — statement is correct.
13
Q
Name one key feature of Skin resistance (dry).
A
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω
14
Q
Fill in the blank — Skin resistance (dry): ________
A
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
15
Q
What is the significance of Skin resistance (dry) in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
A
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
16
Q
Skin resistance (dry) — quick recall:
A
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
17
Q
Define: Most important factor (mechanism).
A
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
18
Q
What is Most important factor (mechanism)?
A
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
19
Q
Which term is best described as: Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
A
Most important factor (mechanism)
20
Q
True or False: Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
A
True — statement is correct.
21
Q
Name one key feature of Most important factor (mechanism).
A
Amperage is critical
22
Q
Fill in the blank — Most important factor (mechanism): ________
A
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
23
Q
What is the significance of Most important factor (mechanism) in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
A
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
24
Q
Most important factor (mechanism) — quick recall:
A
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
25
Define: Perception threshold.
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
26
What is Perception threshold?
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
27
Which term is best described as: ~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
Perception threshold
28
True or False: ~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
True — statement is correct.
29
Name one key feature of Perception threshold.
~1 mA causes a tingle
30
Fill in the blank — Perception threshold: ________
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
31
What is the significance of Perception threshold in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
32
Perception threshold — quick recall:
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
33
Define: No‑let‑go threshold.
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
34
What is No‑let‑go threshold?
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
35
Which term is best described as: About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
No‑let‑go threshold
36
True or False: About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
True — statement is correct.
37
Name one key feature of No‑let‑go threshold.
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
38
Fill in the blank — No‑let‑go threshold: ________
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
39
What is the significance of No‑let‑go threshold in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
40
No‑let‑go threshold — quick recall:
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
41
Define: Respiratory paralysis.
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
42
What is Respiratory paralysis?
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
43
Which term is best described as: Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
Respiratory paralysis
44
True or False: Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
True — statement is correct.
45
Name one key feature of Respiratory paralysis.
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis
46
Fill in the blank — Respiratory paralysis: ________
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
47
What is the significance of Respiratory paralysis in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
48
Respiratory paralysis — quick recall:
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
49
Define: Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
50
What is Ventricular fibrillation (VF)?
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
51
Which term is best described as: VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
Ventricular fibrillation (VF)
52
True or False: VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
True — statement is correct.
53
Name one key feature of Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA
54
Fill in the blank — Ventricular fibrillation (VF): ________
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
55
What is the significance of Ventricular fibrillation (VF) in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
56
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) — quick recall:
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
57
Define: Duration of contact matters.
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
58
What is Duration of contact matters?
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
59
Which term is best described as: At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
Duration of contact matters
60
True or False: At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
True — statement is correct.
61
Name one key feature of Duration of contact matters.
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body
62
Fill in the blank — Duration of contact matters: ________
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
63
What is the significance of Duration of contact matters in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
64
Duration of contact matters — quick recall:
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
65
Define: Thin moist skin scenario.
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
66
What is Thin moist skin scenario?
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
67
Which term is best described as: If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
Thin moist skin scenario
68
True or False: If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
True — statement is correct.
69
Name one key feature of Thin moist skin scenario.
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
70
Fill in the blank — Thin moist skin scenario: ________
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
71
What is the significance of Thin moist skin scenario in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
72
Thin moist skin scenario — quick recall:
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
73
Define: Low‑voltage mechanism.
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
74
What is Low‑voltage mechanism?
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
75
Which term is best described as: Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
Low‑voltage mechanism
76
True or False: Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
True — statement is correct.
77
Name one key feature of Low‑voltage mechanism.
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
78
Fill in the blank — Low‑voltage mechanism: ________
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
79
What is the significance of Low‑voltage mechanism in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
80
Low‑voltage mechanism — quick recall:
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
81
Define: Current pathway.
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
82
What is Current pathway?
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
83
Which term is best described as: The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
Current pathway
84
True or False: The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
True — statement is correct.
85
Name one key feature of Current pathway.
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
86
Fill in the blank — Current pathway: ________
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
87
What is the significance of Current pathway in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
88
Current pathway — quick recall:
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
89
Define: Lightning — Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
90
What is Lightning — Lichtenberg figures?
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
91
Which term is best described as: Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning — Lichtenberg figures
92
True or False: Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
True — statement is correct.
93
Name one key feature of Lightning — Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
94
Fill in the blank — Lightning — Lichtenberg figures: ________
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
95
What is the significance of Lightning — Lichtenberg figures in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
96
Lightning — Lichtenberg figures — quick recall:
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
97
Define: Fractures from tetany.
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
98
What is Fractures from tetany?
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
99
Which term is best described as: Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
Fractures from tetany
100
True or False: Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
True — statement is correct.
101
Name one key feature of Fractures from tetany.
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
102
Fill in the blank — Fractures from tetany: ________
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
103
What is the significance of Fractures from tetany in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
104
Fractures from tetany — quick recall:
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
105
Define: Autopsy external marks.
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
106
What is Autopsy external marks?
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
107
Which term is best described as: Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
Autopsy external marks
108
True or False: Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
True — statement is correct.
109
Name one key feature of Autopsy external marks.
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent
110
Fill in the blank — Autopsy external marks: ________
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
111
What is the significance of Autopsy external marks in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
112
Autopsy external marks — quick recall:
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
113
Define: Scene investigation importance.
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
114
What is Scene investigation importance?
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
115
Which term is best described as: Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
Scene investigation importance
116
True or False: Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
True — statement is correct.
117
Name one key feature of Scene investigation importance.
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
118
Fill in the blank — Scene investigation importance: ________
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
119
What is the significance of Scene investigation importance in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
120
Scene investigation importance — quick recall:
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
121
Define: Grounded metal objects.
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
122
What is Grounded metal objects?
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
123
Which term is best described as: Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
Grounded metal objects
124
True or False: Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
True — statement is correct.
125
Name one key feature of Grounded metal objects.
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
126
Fill in the blank — Grounded metal objects: ________
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
127
What is the significance of Grounded metal objects in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
128
Grounded metal objects — quick recall:
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
129
Define: VF vs arrest distinction.
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
130
What is VF vs arrest distinction?
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
131
Which term is best described as: VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
VF vs arrest distinction
132
True or False: VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
True — statement is correct.
133
Name one key feature of VF vs arrest distinction.
VF predominates at moderate currents
134
Fill in the blank — VF vs arrest distinction: ________
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
135
What is the significance of VF vs arrest distinction in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
136
VF vs arrest distinction — quick recall:
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
137
Define: Lightning mechanism.
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
138
What is Lightning mechanism?
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
139
Which term is best described as: Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
Lightning mechanism
140
True or False: Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
True — statement is correct.
141
Name one key feature of Lightning mechanism.
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
142
Fill in the blank — Lightning mechanism: ________
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
143
What is the significance of Lightning mechanism in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
144
Lightning mechanism — quick recall:
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
145
Define: Water exposure and resistance.
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
146
What is Water exposure and resistance?
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
147
Which term is best described as: Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
Water exposure and resistance
148
True or False: Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
True — statement is correct.
149
Name one key feature of Water exposure and resistance.
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
150
Fill in the blank — Water exposure and resistance: ________
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
151
What is the significance of Water exposure and resistance in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
152
Water exposure and resistance — quick recall:
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
153
Define: Household exposure.
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
154
What is Household exposure?
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
155
Which term is best described as: Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
Household exposure
156
True or False: Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
True — statement is correct.
157
Name one key feature of Household exposure.
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
158
Fill in the blank — Household exposure: ________
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
159
What is the significance of Household exposure in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
160
Household exposure — quick recall:
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
161
Define: Autopsy correlation.
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
162
What is Autopsy correlation?
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
163
Which term is best described as: Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
Autopsy correlation
164
True or False: Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
True — statement is correct.
165
Name one key feature of Autopsy correlation.
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
166
Fill in the blank — Autopsy correlation: ________
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
167
What is the significance of Autopsy correlation in Chapter 15 (Electrocution (Electrical and Lightning))?
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
168
Autopsy correlation — quick recall:
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
169
Fill in: ‘No‑let‑go’ threshold is roughly ____–____ mA.
15–17 mA
170
Fill in: VF typically occurs around ____–____ mA.
75–100 mA
171
Fill in: Arc temperatures from high‑voltage currents can reach ~________ °C.
≈ 40,000 °C
172
True or False: Absence of external burns excludes electrocution.
False — electrocution may occur without obvious burns.
173
Fill in: Dry skin resistance can be about ________ Ω.
≈ 100,000 Ω
174
In one sentence, explain Arc from high‑voltage line.
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
175
In one sentence, explain Skin resistance (dry).
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
176
In one sentence, explain Most important factor (mechanism).
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
177
In one sentence, explain Perception threshold.
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
178
In one sentence, explain No‑let‑go threshold.
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
179
In one sentence, explain Respiratory paralysis.
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
180
In one sentence, explain Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
181
In one sentence, explain Duration of contact matters.
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
182
In one sentence, explain Thin moist skin scenario.
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
183
In one sentence, explain Low‑voltage mechanism.
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
184
In one sentence, explain Current pathway.
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
185
In one sentence, explain Lightning — Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
186
In one sentence, explain Fractures from tetany.
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
187
In one sentence, explain Autopsy external marks.
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
188
In one sentence, explain Scene investigation importance.
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
189
In one sentence, explain Grounded metal objects.
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
190
In one sentence, explain VF vs arrest distinction.
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
191
In one sentence, explain Lightning mechanism.
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
192
In one sentence, explain Water exposure and resistance.
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
193
In one sentence, explain Household exposure.
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
194
In one sentence, explain Autopsy correlation.
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
195
In one sentence, explain Arc from high‑voltage line.
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
196
In one sentence, explain Skin resistance (dry).
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
197
In one sentence, explain Most important factor (mechanism).
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
198
In one sentence, explain Perception threshold.
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
199
In one sentence, explain No‑let‑go threshold.
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
200
In one sentence, explain Respiratory paralysis.
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
201
In one sentence, explain Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
202
In one sentence, explain Duration of contact matters.
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
203
In one sentence, explain Thin moist skin scenario.
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
204
In one sentence, explain Low‑voltage mechanism.
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
205
In one sentence, explain Current pathway.
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
206
In one sentence, explain Lightning — Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
207
In one sentence, explain Fractures from tetany.
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
208
In one sentence, explain Autopsy external marks.
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
209
In one sentence, explain Scene investigation importance.
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
210
In one sentence, explain Grounded metal objects.
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
211
In one sentence, explain VF vs arrest distinction.
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
212
In one sentence, explain Lightning mechanism.
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
213
In one sentence, explain Water exposure and resistance.
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
214
In one sentence, explain Household exposure.
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
215
In one sentence, explain Autopsy correlation.
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
216
In one sentence, explain Arc from high‑voltage line.
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
217
In one sentence, explain Skin resistance (dry).
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
218
In one sentence, explain Most important factor (mechanism).
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
219
In one sentence, explain Perception threshold.
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
220
In one sentence, explain No‑let‑go threshold.
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
221
In one sentence, explain Respiratory paralysis.
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
222
In one sentence, explain Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
223
In one sentence, explain Duration of contact matters.
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
224
In one sentence, explain Thin moist skin scenario.
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
225
In one sentence, explain Low‑voltage mechanism.
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
226
In one sentence, explain Current pathway.
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
227
In one sentence, explain Lightning — Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
228
In one sentence, explain Fractures from tetany.
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
229
In one sentence, explain Autopsy external marks.
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
230
In one sentence, explain Scene investigation importance.
Reconstruct electrical contact/grounding and environment (wet/dry) to interpret risk and mechanism.
231
In one sentence, explain Grounded metal objects.
Tall metal objects (ladders/cranes) contacting live lines can transmit high‑voltage current to a person in contact.
232
In one sentence, explain VF vs arrest distinction.
VF predominates at moderate currents; very high currents cause immediate ventricular arrest rather than VF.
233
In one sentence, explain Lightning mechanism.
Massive external current and shock waves can cause arrhythmia, CNS injury and flashover burns without deep thermal injury.
234
In one sentence, explain Water exposure and resistance.
Wet environments lower resistance and increase the risk of fatal current flow.
235
In one sentence, explain Household exposure.
Fatal shocks may occur rapidly, often within seconds, depending on resistance and contact duration.
236
In one sentence, explain Autopsy correlation.
Diagnosis often rests on scene reconstruction plus subtle autopsy findings rather than dramatic external burns.
237
In one sentence, explain Arc from high‑voltage line.
Direct contact is not required; an arc can jump to the body, and arc temperatures may reach ~40,000°C.
238
In one sentence, explain Skin resistance (dry).
Dry skin can be ~100,000 Ω; dry calloused skin may approach 1,000,000 Ω; moist skin can be ~1,000 Ω or as low as 100 Ω.
239
In one sentence, explain Most important factor (mechanism).
Amperage is critical; with constant voltage, body resistance determines current (Ohm’s law).
240
In one sentence, explain Perception threshold.
~1 mA causes a tingle; ~5 mA causes muscle tremors.
241
In one sentence, explain No‑let‑go threshold.
About 15–17 mA causes sustained muscle contraction preventing release of the source.
242
In one sentence, explain Respiratory paralysis.
Around 50 mA can cause generalized contraction with respiratory paralysis; death with sustained current.
243
In one sentence, explain Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
VF occurs with currents ~75–100 mA; extremely high currents (~1 A) more often cause ventricular arrest.
244
In one sentence, explain Duration of contact matters.
At household 120 V with ~1,000 Ω resistance, ~120 mA enters the body; ~5 s of contact can trigger VF.
245
In one sentence, explain Thin moist skin scenario.
If resistance is ~100 Ω, a 120 V circuit can deliver ~1.2 A, and VF could occur in ~0.1 s.
246
In one sentence, explain Low‑voltage mechanism.
Typically causes lethal ventricular arrhythmia without widespread thermal damage.
247
In one sentence, explain Current pathway.
The current follows the shortest path to ground: commonly hand‑to‑foot or hand‑to‑hand across the chest.
248
In one sentence, explain Lightning — Lichtenberg figures.
Lightning may produce arborescent (fern‑like) skin markings called Lichtenberg figures.
249
In one sentence, explain Fractures from tetany.
Forceful muscle contraction can cause fractures (e.g., vertebral, humeral, scapular) during electric shock.
250
In one sentence, explain Autopsy external marks.
Electrical marks may be subtle or absent; absence of burns does not exclude electrocution.
forensic pathology
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
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Chapter 1: Natural death67
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Chapter 1: medicolegal investigation10
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DiMaio Chapter 1: medicolegal death137
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DiMaio Chapter 2: postmortem changes54
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Dimaio Chapter 3: Sudden death125
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DiMaio Chapter 4: Biochemistry36
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DImaio chapter 5: blunt force trauma50
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Dimaio Chapter 6: sharp force250
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DiMaio CHapter 7: Gunshot202
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DImaio Chapter 8: asphyxia250
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Dimaio chapter 9: SUID250
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DiMaio chapter 10: Child Homicide250
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DiMaio Chapter 11: Motor Vehicle250
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DiMaio Chapter 12: Mass fatality250
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DiMaio Chapter 13: burns and fire death250
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DiMaio Chapter 14: Deaths in Water250
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Dimaio chapter 15: Electrocution250
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DiMaio Chapter 16: Hyperthermia and hypothermia250
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Dimaio Chapter 17: Sexual assault250
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DiMaio Chapter 18: deaths in the elderly250
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DiMaio Chapter 19: sudden death during or immediately after struggle250
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DiMaio Chapter 20: Medical Misadventure250
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DiMaio Chapter 21: toxicology100
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Dimaio chapter 22: FP and FS100
