1
Q
what happens before DSM is published?
A
- clinician consultations
- advocacy groups
- general public
2
Q
what is our perception of psych disorders impacted by?
A
- biased media portrayal
- mainly extremes are portrayed on TV and films
- can increase fear of those w/ mental illnesses
3
Q
dyslexia in DSM 4 vs 5 + over the lifetime
A
- in DSM 4, it was a single disorder
- in DSM 5, it is in category of specific learning disorder
- in preschool: hard to learn new words/rhyme
- in school: below reading level spelling, following instructions
- in teen/adult: can’t summarize story, memorize, time management = problems w/ independent living
4
Q
etiology of major depressive disorder can be understood through…
A
can be understood through hypotheses and treatments
5
Q
mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
A
- combines CBT with mindfulness
- present-focused therapy designed to prevent depressive relapses
6
Q
emotion brain regions involved in depression
A
- amygdala (emotional processing + regulation)
- middle frontal gyrus (cognitive control + emotions)
7
Q
one study let half continue w/ SSRIs and other half included MBCT in an eight week program. results?
A
- functional activation between MFG and amygdala was measured
- combined w/ MBCT causes even better communication w/ those two regions
- depressive symptoms decreased more than just the pharmacological treatment AND has a longer lasting effect
8
Q
three main categories in which MBCT improved depression symptoms
A
- decrease in repetitive negative thoughts abt future and past
- decrease in emotional and cognitive reactivity
- increase in self compassion (self kindness, recognize selfs humanity, recognizing negative thoughts as a part of life)
9
Q
auditory visual synesthesia
A
- auditory system can be connected to visual system
- when listening to music we can see it
10
Q
auditory taste synesthesia
A
- when someone can taste the names of others
11
Q
colour graphing synesthesia
A
- most common
- instead of seeing black letters they see colour patterns
12
Q
defining traits of synesthesia
A
- involuntary/automatic
- consistent
- highly memorable
- laden with affect
- spatially extended
13
Q
time space synesthesia
A
can visualize a ring around them that represents their calendar with months/dates that can be expanded
14
Q
neural development and synesthesia
A
that connections between neurons don’t get pruned, so cross-activation occurs
15
Q
hunger is…
A
- a multisensory experience
- taste + smell = flavour
16
Q
letters and colours have…
A
- natural associations
- like kiki bouba
- we also know what colours letters have
= we all have a little bit of synesthesia
17
Q
etiology
A
- cause, or set of causes, of a disorder
- not well understood for any given disorder
18
Q
three etiological models
A
- biological
- behavioural
- cognitive
19
Q
biological model
- also known as medical/disease model
A
- assumes that psych. disorders result from malfunction in the brain
- points to genetics, atypical neurotransmitter activity, or abnormal brain structures
20
Q
how do we gain insight into genetic etiology
A
- twin studies
- if two twins share a trait, they have concordance
- heritability of disorders can be estimated by comparing concordance rates of identical/fraternal twins
- IF identical twins are likelier to share a specific disorder, can be concluded that genetics play a larger role
21
Q
what do researches do after determining that a genetic component exists to a disorder?
A
- identify the specific genes involved
- genome wide association studies
22
Q
genome wide association studies + problems
A
- involve scanning of 1000s of genetic markers to find variations that show up more often in affected individuals
problems:
- can be contradictory/inconclusive
- associations are rarely as direct/straightforward
- someone could have alteration but not show disorder or vice-versa
23
Q
which neurotransmitters are implicated in depression
A
- low lvls of dopamine and norepinephrine
- seratonin + GABA implicated in etiology of depression/anxiety
24
Q
struggles with drug therapies for altering levels of neurotransmitter activity
A
- varied and unpredictable success
- emerging view is that neurotransmitter activity is part of the explanation, not the whole story
25
patients with anxiety disorders tend to have hyperactive ______
- amygdalas
- correlation is not causation: anxiety could’ve caused the amygdala not other way around
26
environmental model
- considers environmental factors
- i.e. where we live, who we socialize with, what we consume
27
prominent etiological explanation for schizophrenia
diathesis stress model
28
diathesis stress model
- genetic predisposition: diathesis
pairs with…
- environmental stress
- ppl w/ high diathesis need less environmental stressors to develop schizophrenia
- ppl w/ no diathesis and high stress would not lead to the disorder
29
environmental risk factors that reoccur across near every disorder except for bipolar/eating disorders
low socioeconomic status
30
problem with diathesis stress model
- many risk factors exist (born in winter, exposure to cats, etc)
- ultimately, schizophrenia is very complex
- can’t just rely on stress model bc it can’t encapsulate alllll risk factors
31
researchers aren’t sure what environmental events trigger schizophrenia. what is the leading candidate?
- stress and problems in relationships with others (esp immediate family)
- those with schizophrenia live in homes with higher levels of dysfunction
- HOWEVER. hard to tell if dysfunction existed before disorder or if it appeared as family tried dealing with symptoms
32
behavioural model
- external factors aren’t the issue, but rather our response to them
- view disordered behaviours established though classical/instrumental conditioning
- rewards, punishments, and contingencies received for actions influence our behaviour
- behaviours can be inappropriately generalized from situations where they have appropriate function to situations where they don’t
33
what does the behavioural model suggest about depression?
- arises in individuals who lack social skills
- this makes in hard for them to elicit normal positive social reinforcement from others
- this can lead to lowered mood and self-blame of depression
34
negative feedback loop in depression
- depressive symptoms may elicit sympathy, attention, and concern
- leads to reinforcement of the symptoms
35
somatic symptom disorders
- individuals experience genuine anxiety/fear and become afflicted by potentially serious health condition
- real physical suffering, but there’s no physical basis
- i.e. neurological issues, general pain, skin rashes
36
if a physical symptom is produced purely through psychological stress, it is said to be…
psychogenic
37
glove anesthesia
- absence of sensation/feeling in hand ending abruptly at wrist
- makes no sense bc sensory nerve fibers tht supply hand also supply lower arm
38
what does the behavioural model say about somatic system disorders?
a method tht individuals unknowingly use to receive positive attention and nurturance from caring medical professionals
39
how many cases do somatic symptom disorders make up?
25% of general medical patients and 5% of neurology referrals
40
what is a strong reason for why the behavioural model is still relevant in the modern context?
psychosomatic symptoms
41
- dogs were exposed to mild electric shocks in cages they couldn’t escape
- at first, they tried to avoid the shocks but eventually became passive
- then, when the same dogs were put in cages with open doors, what happened?
stayed inside passively
42
how is the theory of learned helplessness used in depression? what r the downsides?
- depressive symptoms are the result of a more sophisticated learned helplessness
- however….
- not all behaviours can be learned (i.e. hallucinations)
- doesn’t always transfer to all environments
- treats people as simple reflexive beings vs. ppl w/ ability to plan/rmbr/predict things
43
cognitive model
- suggests that mental disorder results from the maladaptive or inappropriate ways of selecting/interpreting information from the environment
- not bc of events, but how we interpret the events
44
what does the cognitive model explain about maladaptive thoughts?
- that they are reinforced by self-generated misperceptions about reality
- misperceptions are called cognitive distortions
45
catastrophizing
- extreme distortion of a situation
- when we overemphasize the negative outcomes of a rather mundane situation
46
cognitive distortions occur in the absence of ______
- any external evidence
- individual relies on ONLY their self-generated misperceptions
47
according to the cognitive model, depression arises in what sorts of individuals?
- ppl who view neutral/positive events as being negative due to their own actions
48
depressnogenic schemata
- the particular maladaptive way depressed individuals evaluate themselves/experiences
- these people develop unrealistically negative/demeaning interpretations of those events
- leads to a negative world view of themselves, the world, and their future
psych 1xx3
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