behaviors assoc. with dominance function (4)
- persuasion
- feedback and reinforcement
- deception
- impression management
the dominance ratio gaze +ROTC
- % looking while speaking/% looking while listening
- visual dominance ratio (VDR)
- ROTC officers have DR=1
- ROTC cadets have DRs RELATIVE status in a convo changes, their DR changes
dominance ratio and status
- college students
- confederate introduced as “high school senior who did not want to go to college and who hoped to get a job in a gas station”
- or “a senior college chemistry honors student already accepted into a prestigious medical school
- discuss 3 “interpersonal dilemas”, come up with a solution
- results on d2l
- DR close to 1 when subject had high status, less than 1 when low status
dominance ratio and reward power
- opp. sex dyads come to lab for convos
- one member randomly selected to have reward power
- to determine whether the other dyad member would earn an extra credit (i.e. 2 credits instead of 1), for participating in the study.
- DR highest when M or F in higher dominance
dominance ratio in groups
- high status people in a group displayed higher group VDR than low status
- especially true for F group members
dress and status
- males of high status wear more formal clothing than males of lower status
- no association between female status and clothing formality
- all targets evaluated while at work
posture and status
- in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean (toward the partner)
- this is done by men and women
- also more open/relaxed posture (consumes more space)
dominance ratio and perceptions of power
- LS/LL was manipulated 55/45, 40/60, or 25/75 in stimuli tapes
- judges rated individuals for dominance
- the increased in DR lead to increases in judgments or dominance
- this didn’t differ for M or F confederates
- D2l chart, impresses decoders*
low status paralinguistic cues in social anxiety perceptions of power
- read 3 different types of sentences (neutral-Danny went to work with his dad…, request- please open the window, and command-open the window immediately)
- people with social anxiety use nonconfident paralanguage
- higher pitch
- lower vocal intensity in men
- lesser increase of vocal intensity in command utterances
- in men, not women, social anxiety also associated with slower speech rate in request sentences
dominance and facial expressions
- Ss rated photos of models posing different facial expressions of emotion
- weak expression had no impact on dominance ratings
- strong facial affect influenced ratings of dominance
Dominance (active>passive)
ACTIVE happiness anger disgust sadness fear PASSIVE
slow sign vehicles: shaved heads and dominance
- men with shaved heads judged to be more dominant than men with hair
- even when hair was digitally removed from photos of men’s heads
- but men with shaved heads also viewed as older and less attractive.
head position and dominance
- Ss viewed 3D models of faces
- head tilt varied from looking down (-30 degrees), straight (0), or tilted back (30)
- Ss rated dominance/submissiveness
- the more head tilted downward the more submissive rated
- the more head was tilted back, the more dominant rated.
decoding status from posture
- judges associate more forward lean (toward conversational partner) with higher status.
- this is an accurate cue to judging status because status is also encoded through forward lean
- open posture (opening of upper and lower extremities) is associated with perceptions of high dominance
decoding status from clothing
- observers use formality of clothing as a cue to males status, but not female.
- this is also an accurate use of clothing formality as a cue because males, but not females, encode status through more formal attire.
men in red
- photo of male model
- photoshopped to change color of shirt
- women perceive men to be more attractive and sexually desirable when seen in red clothing
- status perceptions are responsible for this red effect
- the influences of red appears to be specific to women’s romantic attraction to men
- red did not influence mens opinions of other men
- nor did it influence women’s perceptions of men’s overrall likeability, agreeableness, and extraversion
projecting nonverbal traits on to powerful others (study and results)
- vignettes about two people who differed in organization rank or personality dominance
- rate imaginary characters on 70 behaviors
- RESULTS: -pays less attention to others
- initiates hand shaking
- engages in invasive behaviors
- touches
- facial disgust, facial anger, facial fear (decrease)
- more gesturing
- tilting face up
- straight posture
- interrupting more
- fewer filled pauses/hesitancies
do status cues activate parts of our brains? (study and results)
-participants shown 4 sets of images
-brow position, posture, gesture, and gaze
-high status, low status, and neutral for each
-photos presented for 2 seconds.
-fmr1 of brain
RESULTS:
-the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex seems to be activated by nonverbal signs of status
-the VLPFC modifies behavior through behavioral inhibition- tells you to stop when you experience something that ??
high status, though attractive, is also a warning sign
