Drugs

Question 1

Thiazide diuretics

Answer 1

Promote sodium and water excretion and therefore reduce plasma volume and decrease systemic vascular resistance and therefore causing a decrease in BP.

Increases the chances of lithium toxicity. Watch for electrolyte imbalances - hypokalemia

Question 2

ACE INHIBITORS

Answer 2

• Angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitors (end in ‘pril’– ramapril, captopril, lisinopril)
• Prevents vasoconstriction by blocking angiotension 1 and 2
• Side effects – dry cough, hyperkalemia, taste changes, drowsiness, increased risk of bleeding, bradycardia, depression

Question 3

ARBS

Answer 3

• Angiotension Receptor Blockers (end in ‘sartan’ – losartan, candesartan, valsartan.
• Prevent the action of angiotensin 11. * Produce vasodilation and increased salt and water excretion
  Should be monitored for hyperkalemia and decreased kidney function

Answer 4

*

Question 5

Calcium Channel Blockers

Answer 5

• Some end in ‘dipine’ – amlodipine, nifedipine, delodopine. Verapamil, diltiazem
• Casuses vasodilation by preventing the movement of extracellular calcium into cells which causes vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance. Increase sodium excretion
• Can cause bradycardia

Question 6

Beta Blockers

Answer 6

• Affects norepinephrine and epinephrine which blocks the sympathetic nervous system vasodilation and decreased heart rate..
• Monitor HR as it can cause bradycardia. Not a drug of choice for individuals with asthma and COPD as it causes bronchoconstriction. Monitor glucose levels in diabetics

Question 7

Rapid-acting analogue insulin

Answer 7

(clear)
lispro (Humalog), aspart (NovRapid), and glulisine (Apidra)
Injected 0–15 minutes before meal

Onset: 15min
Peak: 1-1.5hr
Duration: 3-5hr

Question 8

Short-acting insulin

Answer 8

(clear)
regular
Injected 30–45 minutes before meal

Onset: 0.5-1hr
Peak: 2-4hr
Duration: 5-8hr

Question 9

Intermediate-acting insulin

Answer 9

(cloudy)
NPH

Onset: 1-3hr
Peak: 6-8hr
Duration: 12-16hr

Question 10

Extended long-acting insulin

Answer 10

glargine (Lantus), detemir (Levemir)

Onset: 1-2hr
Peak: none
Duration: 24hrs

Question 11

What insulin can and can’t be mixed

Answer 11

Long-acting insulins (Lantus, Toujeo, Levemir, Tresiba) and Apidra (short acting) CANNOT be mixed with any other insulin.

NPH (intermediate) can be mixed with Humalog, Novolog, (rapid) and Regular (R) insulin.