1
Q
Points in our constn to ensure fraternity
A
- Single citizenship
- Movt and residence 19
- Ipc, law of contracts
- Fundamental duty
- 301- trade and intercourse
- 326- one man one vote
- Interstate council
- Special office of the linguistic minorities
2
Q
Define shg and conclude SHG
A
Is a small ecomically homogenous group of poor who are voluntarily ready to contribute to a common fund for a common purpose or achieve shared prosperity
1.2 crore SHGs, 88% are all women shg
In the budget 2023 vision for Amrit Kaal govt rightly sees SHGs as untapped powerhouse of enterprise and highly potential vehicle to deliver social good
3
Q
Issues with SHG
A
- Class difference - pratham NGO
- Reinforcing gendered vocations and pink collar jobs
- Professionals- book keeping
- Primary skills, no value added
- Marketing or branding
- No coherent policy of nano to micro to small to medium
- Digital illiteracy, market info
Case study: Allahabad HC while quashing a govt order wrt preferential allocation of fair price shops to SHG — SHG are loosely packed org with weak legal identity. So difficult to hold them accountable
Wf
- SHGs to follow the PANCHASUTRAS
- Inspired to explore other sectors like agriculture, handicrafts, alternative tourism etc
Ex: pabiben brand - beautiful bags out of rags and selling in e-commerce - Coming out of gendered vocation - Ex: kudumbashree she taxi
- Csr support, international funding, multilateral bank support
- Innovative ideas should be incubated by top most Institute
4
Q
Recent 2020 amendment of fcra
A
- Public servants
- Admin expense - 20%
- Prohibit transfer of foreign contribution
- Aadhar identification mandatory - office bearers
- Sbi delhi
5
Q
Issues with the new fcra amendment
A
- Gurucharan das - tragedy of country - repeal emergency law
- Advocacy ngos targeted- Specific ones with higher admin cost - env, hr
- International commission of jurists - against International obligation
- Subcontracting- affect small ngos
- 93 % ngo outside delhi
- Divert to hospitable
- Pm cares - exception
6
Q
Wf for fcra
A
- Gurucharan Das - independent regulatir under fin minister
- 2nd arc - decentralised scrutiny - state and local
- Social stock exchange
7
Q
Way forward for controlling drug abuse
A
- Psc 2023 - survey to study real impact - evidence based policy
- SL - Drug abuse preventive unit under min of education
- Community efforts - young Mizo association- anti narcotics team within community - complementing law enforcement
Multipronged - demand reduction, harm reduction, supply reduction
8
Q
Current policies in place to address mental health
A
- Mental health policy 2014
- Rt to persons with disabilities Act , 2017
- Mental healthcare act 2017
9
Q
Why pendancy in courts
A
Nani palkhiwala - 4 cr, 58 lakh, 70000
- In- trail procedural delays , repeated adjournments — non availability of counsel, difficulty in securing witness, awaiting documents etc
- Govt is the biggest litigant
- Out of 1100 judges in HC - 400 to 500 always vacant
- 100:1 million. 21: 1 million
- Less than 1% of gdp to judiciary
- Inefficiency of police - effective evidence, absconding accused
Case study - vishnu tiwari was aquited from false rape case after 16 years of his appeal due to missing paperwork
10
Q
Way forward to reduce pendancy in judiciary
A
- Aijs, graduate school
- Bns bill- trial in absentia, community service
- Adr, plea bargaining
- National litigation policy 2010 rewrite with clearer goals
- Pil cell and rationalise SLP
- SUPACE, faster
- One of the other suggestions for filling vacancies was appointment of retired judges on ad-hoc basis under Article 224A inLok Prahari v. Union of India.
NV Ramanna - process is the punishment in our CJS
11
Q
Issues with school education
A
- Accessibility
- high fees in pvt
- low accessibility to secondary edn in rural areas
- socio economic Barrie’s
NFHS 5- median no. of schooling for SC,ST , OBC lower than other groups - Quality
- aser report - percentage of class 5 students who can read a class 2 text have declined
- aser report 2022– school system driven by preparation for board exam
- world bank published study - 25% public sector teacher absent during unannounced visits
- psc 2021- half of schools no electricity or playground - Governance and policy issue
- fragmentation
- 3% of budget exp - Tech
- tech divide - 31, 67
- edutech- commodification- children as market - Special needs
- disabled friendly - Brailey texts
- mental health
12
Q
What is the issues with indias skill development
A
- Info assymetry - needs of the industry and courses in edn institutes
- Informal
- Overburdened Responsibility: Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana- it suffers from excessive reliance District Collectors, who would not be able to prioritise this role, given their other assignments.
- Enormous Number of New Entrants: nearly 5 mn every year
Given the sheer magnitude of youth to be skilled, it is paramount that the policy efforts are adequate - Employers’ Unwillingness: India’s joblessness issue is not only a skills problem; it is representative of the lack of appetite of industrialists and SMEs for recruitment
- Entrepreneur- only 24% of PMKVY started
- Skill dev initiatives - 20 minister
- Ministry of skill dev- schmes + regulation
13
Q
Define demographic dividend INDIA CONTEXT.
A
Economic potential resulting from shift in population’ age structure
26% below 14 years
67% 15-64 years
14
Q
Define good governance
A
Effective, efficient, equitable distribution of public service so that every citizen can develop to their full potential
15
Q
8 pillars of good governance according to UNDP
A
- Participation of all citizens
- Comsensus oriented
- Equity and inclusiveness
- Effectiveness and efficiency
- Transparent
- Accountable
- Rule of law
- Responsive
16
Q
Significance and utility of mission karmayogi
A
- Rules based to role based ; competancy approach
- Life long learning. Fight complacency
- Online learning and offline learning
- International best practices - igot
- Help identify area of expertise
- Centralised data base - better personnel management
17
Q
Define social audit
A
Process of verification of implementation of a program and it’s outcome at ground level through involvement of key stakeholdeds
18
Q
Issues with social audits
A
- Social audit dept ( under state dept of panch) inadequate staff, not all panchayats in a year
- Incentive - time consuming
- Audit prog outcome
- Follow up and punishments
- Focused media attention
19
Q
Way forward for social audits
A
- Meghalaya law
- Institutionalization- timeline, penalty
- Social accountability e guide if world Bank
- Documents in local language
20
Q
Why criminalisation of politics
A
- Funding - rich
- Recent sc report - 30% of criminal cases against Mp, mla - pending trial
- Adr analysis - winnabilty
- Toothless rpa - sec 8 only after conviction, mcc no legal backing, eci can’t call off for electoral offences
- Money limit often breached - donations split into amount less than 20000
- Political apathy- vohra report unpublished Annexure 25 years
- Inner party democracy - even if removed can still hold a high position on political party
21
Q
Tribunal reforms act 2021
A
- Conflict of interest - parent ministry admin control
- Secretary part of selection committee ( madras bar Association case - mockery of Constitution)
- 4 years ( R Gandhi case 5 to 7 years)
- Ambiguous clause which enablea person from non judicial background also. ( against r Gandhi)
22
Q
Meaning of water governance
A
Global water partnership - political, sovio, economic, administrative systems in place - development and management of water resources
23
Q
Issues with water governance in India
A
- 17,56
- Niti ayog - outdated data
- Virtual water export
- 25+, 100 yrs old
- Concretising of river
- CWC, cgwa, cpcb - top down
24
Q
Way forward to improve water governance
A
- Whatever already there - jal jeevan, inteer state river dispute
- Community - jakhini village up
- Ngo - sonam wangchuk
- Dhara vikas
- Better financial models- man sagar - PPP
- Mihir shah - national water commission
25
Pros of national digital health mission
1. In line with NHP 2017- promotion of IT
2. Srinath reddy commitee— IT KEY TO UHC
2. Health ID - Seamless referrals and access across the country
3. NCD- intervention and management
4. Digi doctor - last mile connectivity
4. UNIFIED HEALTH INTERFACE in pipeline
5. Govt real time view - formulate vaccine strategy
6. Avoid repetition- blood test, ct scan
26
Key points of NHP 2017
1. State intervention in NCD
2. 2.5% GDP
3. free drugs, diagnostics, emergency care
4. Ayush - colocation, cross referrals,
5. National health care standards org
6. The policy advocates allocating two-thirds (of resources to primary care.
7. It proposes two beds per 1,000 of the population to enable access within the first 60 minutes after a traumatic injury.
27
Way forward for healthcare ppp
1. District hospital to share BACK END SERVICES LIKE blood bank and ambulance
2. Govt- land, building, min fee. Pvt - HR, equipment, manage operation
3. Consensus on min and max fee
2. Odisha - contracted out mgmt of PHC at village level to private
3. Srinath reddy commitee on UHC - robust IT infra
4 new medical colleges in ppp mode
28
Concerns for AYUSH
1. Lancet
2. Ayush min advisory - non ayush practitioner shouldn't undertake research work
3. Bilaspur incident - drosera
4. Coronil
5. Mixopathy - not exposed to suturing Or incise
29
Steps taken to handle anti microbial resistance
1. National action plan on AMR 2017 2021
2. Red line campaign
3. WHO- handle with care
Improve biosecurity in farms
One health approach - human, animals, agri
30
Key provisions of the WPA 2014
1. Enables any person( govt official, ngo, any other person) to report an act of corruption
2. Public servants, mp, mla, lower judiciary etc
3. Competent authority. Conduct enquiry
4. No anonymous complaint , within seven years
5. Any party aggrieved with the decision of the competent authority can approach the High Court within 60 days
31
Issues with whistle blowing act
1. Competent authority to make complain is usually senior in same hierarchy - neutrality affected
2. Lack of infra- single mode. Need multi mode
3. Fear, since can’t give anonymous complains- satyendra dube and gauri lankesh
4. Social stigma and job risk
5. Sec17- can move against complainant if accused no conviction
6. In comparison to USA, no reward granted to whistleblower
32
Existing provision to solve water dispute
1. Art 262
2. River boards act 1956
3. ISWD 1956
33
Existing issues with water dispute
1. Godavari water dispute 11 year to award, 12 years to publish
2. Composition of tribunal is not multidisciplinary
3. Politicization of water
4. Non cooperation of states
Ex: recent complain of Odisha against chattisgarh for misleading Mahanadi dispute tribunal by releasing water in Mahanadi river
6. No integrated ecosystem approach.
- Arithmetic hydrology not a proper water governance method
- water guzzling crops
7. Federal jurisdictional - 17 vs 56
4. Institutional ambiguity - 262 vs 136
34
Dam safety act 2021
Cwc data - 25 big dams, 100+
1. National commitee on dam safety ( head- chair of Cwc) to formulate policies regarding dam safety
2. National Dam safety authority to implement above policies
3. State dam safety org - inspection and investigation
4. Ndsa— accreditation to agencies working on construction, design and alteration of dams
5. Dam owners- emergency action plan and risk assessment at regular interval
6. 2 offences - obstructing a person in discharge of duties, not following directions under law
35
How to determine of a particular seat is office of profit
Pradyut bardoli vs swapan roy
1. Appt
2. Right to remove
3. Renumenration
4. Enable the holder to influence via patronage
36
Issues with president's rule
1. Ig - 27 times
2. "Otherwise "
3. Different party- ems 1959
4. Law made by parl during state emergency continues to be in operation
5. Non use when needed
Ex- PV narasimharao refused to use it prior to demolition of babri masjid
6. Procedure - uttarakhand without floor test
7. Flimsy issue - in arunachal pradesh cow slaughtering was sighted as an issue by the governor
37
Wf for state emergency
1. Sr bommai- floor test, breakdown of constn machinery not administrative machinery
2. Sarkaria commission- malad, corruption accusation cannot be
3. Prez must ensure that CG is following proper procedure - like warning first
37
What are the issues with national digital health mission
1. Data protection law not in place
2. Protection of doctors- apps like practo doctors harassed by callers
3. Pvt - no incentive - merely addition to their burden
4. misuse by insurance sector - higher premiums
5. How to bring undiagnosed or untreated ailments
6. quack and faithhealers in rural
7. digital literacy
38
Key points for mines and minerals amendment Bill 2021
1. No distinction between captive and non captive
2. Sale of minerals by captive mines in open market
3. national mineral exploration trust
4. National mineral index- to use in future auctions
5. Transfer of statutory clearance to new lesse
39
EVM controversy
1. Evm can be hacked if physical access- evm in candidates car in assam
2. Evms being transported without adequate security
3. Rti queries- mismatch on produced ( 2 indian companies) and received ( eci)
4. contract workers to check and load - bel, ecil
40
Issues regarding retirement plan of judges
1. Currently only ban in art 124 - pleading before any court
2. Today govt itself largest litigant
3. Natural p j - done but seen to be done
4. Structural issue - it is requires by law to appoint retired judges in tribunal, commission etc.
Vidhi center for legal policy - 70 of the last hundred judges who retired until 2106 took up post retirement jobs. 56% because law require it
41
Issues of internet shutdowns and wf by psc
1. Against fundamental rights
ANURADHA BASSIEN CASE - against 19(1)(a) and 19(1)g- work
2. Economic loss
- brookings study - india lost more than 900mn$ in 2016 due to IS
3. Essential services - online education, Epos of ration shops, UBI money transfer
4. Form of collective punishment - unsuitable for democracy
5. Arbitrary - to prevent cheating in exams
- considered default option instead of last option
6. Livelihood affected - online attendance of MNREGA
Psc
1. Put in place a mechanism to evaluate merit of each case
2. Maintain shutdown records
3. Selective restriction of telecom services
42
Ncsc issues
1. Non binding recommendations
2. Social reality – IHDS 2 survey showed that one fourth of Indians still practise untouchability
3. Atrocities - Dalit lynching in una
2. RTI request showed that 22,000 complaints are pending with ncsc in 2019
3. Since for most part acts on written complaints - criticised for not being sensitive to the issues of illiterate Dalits
4. timely appointment
5. Paper Tiger – report filed after a gap of 1 to 2 years
43
Wf to reduce criminalisation of politics
1, ECI and LC - charges framed against them > 5yrs —disqualification
2. Indrajit Gupta commitee - state funding
3. 2nd ARC — special election tribunals under 323B
4. Media watchdog
44
Way forward for NCSC
1. Strengthen legal and judicial protection under poa act
- develop sop for filing and investigating cases , Make them available in all language
- online reporting and tracking of crime irrespective of jurisdiction
2. Proactive role
- ex: recent notice to zomato
3. Grievance redressal mechanism like ICC in public and pvt
4. Effective existing plans - each min 15% of expenditure under SC sub plan - can restructure it
5. Economic empowerment- standup india
6. Govt is only a part of the soln —- catalyse social change — behavioural nudge
45
Importance of SHG
2. Es 2023- ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT - familiarity with handling money, financial decision making, asset ownership and livelihood diversification
3. Political participation GS-
4. Social solidarity and cohesion - social capital
Ex: community kitchen by patrakar didi’s in Jharkhand during Covid
5. Social evils - SHG of wancho women tribes against drug addiction
6. Conversion of women into capable resource person - bank sakhi, Krishi sakhi
6. Breaking gendered vocation stereotypes
Ex: SHE taxi of kundumbasree
8. env : Deccan development society 5000 Dalit women farmers - organic farming + seed diversity
46
What are the issues with drug control methods of india
1. Harsh and disproportionate punishment of ndps
2. Legal loopholes, widespread corruption
4. De addiction center - prisoners
5. Post rehabilitation acceptance
47
Issues of mental health care in india
1. Infrastructure deficiency
2. Budget
3. Human Resource
4. Preventive approach , overall mental well-being
5. Institutional
- NHRC report of inmates languishing long after recovery
- Erwadi fire accident - chain bound inmates charred to death
6. Societal
- taboo
- faith healers
48
National suicide prevention policy 2022
1. Reduce suicide mortality by 10% by 2030
2. Psychiatric OPD in all district hospitals
3. Effective surveillance mechanism
4. Mental well-being in curriculum
5. Guidelines in media reporting
6. Developing societal support
49
Positives of live streaming of SC
1. 145(4)
2. Anita Kushwa case
3. Fake news and fake reporting
4. Record keeping archive
5. Legal edn - students
6. Decongestion of court
7. Usa, Brazil etc
50
Issues with live streaming of Sc
1. Clickbaits and spliced videos
2. By those who want to scandalise the court
3. Politically incorrect statement- harassment
4. Digital divide
5. Filibustering - cited through introduction of Cspan in us house
51
Wf for online streaming
1. Only in constn cases ( as suggested by attorney general)
2. Proper safeguards and procedures- not interfere with justice
3. TV JUSTICA and RADIO JUSTICA of Brazil, India instead of YouTube
52
Higher education in regional language
MBBS in Hindi in Mp,aicte planning in india
Positives
1. South Korea 70% of universities
2. Poor grasp of English forced dropout from premier engineering colleges
3. Advantage for first generational learner’s from rural India
4. Increase ger
5. Use and vibrancy of all Indian languages
Challenges
1. Language proficiency becomes primary criteria. Will have give up hiring from global talent pool
2. Insignificant for institutes like IIT with pan Indian admissions
3. Qlty material in regional language
4. Placement associated challenges- ex: GATE IS IN ENGLISH
5. Global opportunities
Wf
1. Grants to popularise ,, build a foundation initially
2. Set up an INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TRANSALATION AND INTERPRETATION
3. Regional language plus English model
Cv Raman- we must teach science in mother tounge,, otherwise science a highbrow activity
53
Nep in higher edn
1. 50% by 2035
2. 4 yr multi disciplinary ug course, multiple exist option
3. National credit framework
4. Foreign univ in india
5. Fees fixed for pvt and public
6. Single overarching - HECI
54
Foreign univ in india - positives
1. Internationalisation of HE - GER OF 50% by 2035
2. Brain drain - 6.5 lakh 2022
3. Forex saved
4. More collaboration and research — > improves ranking of Indian institutes
5. Foreign students- housing, restaurants etc
6. Exchange of ideas and culture
Case study : New York university abudhabi—- high quality liberal arts and science educators for students across the world . Indian university like BITS Pilani
55
Foreign univ in india negative
1. Are for profit — commodification
2. repatriate profits back to home country
3. Students go abroad for exposure and work+study opportunity
3. Accessibility - limited to elite
4. Language barrier
5. Real estate to establish huge campuses
6. Morality and decency subjective
56
Benefits of demographic dividend
1. Studies by economist like Julius simons — positive correlation between popln growth and productivity throughout history.
2. Dig of economic growth
3. More taxes
4. Low dependency ratio- low social security investment
5. Human capital of the world- more remittances
6. Demand driven growth- consumer goods
7. Will drive agricultural innovation ( as we have to produce more food ) - boserps theory
7. Interstate migration- shortage in some parts
57
Demographic dividend negatives
1. Educated ( Ger in he - 27%) and skilled - india skill report 2021
2. Health care - 13% mental issues
3. Hidden environmental cost — huge consumption, larger no. Of choices — not sustainable in the longer run
4. Regional disparities — pension bill in aging states
5. Jobs— service sector less jobs
** 9 crore jobs by 2030**
6. Feminisation and ruralisation of old age
2011 census only 18% men above 65 widowed, 55% women widowed
8. Spread of pandemics in densely populated areas
Wf
1. Miltons freedman’s Memorandum to goi in 1955 strongly advocated investment in education rather than industries
58
Wf for DD
1. Mobility agreements like that with Australia
2. Milton Friedmann in his memorandum to goi in 1955 strongly advocated investment in education rather than industries, which is the key to convert people into assets
3. schemes - nep, pmkvy, Sankalp , apprenticeship program, start up india
We are the cross roads of deindustrialisation, deglobalisation, 4th IR
59
Impediments to India’s e governance
1, The great digital divide
- gender
- rural
- caste
- class
- regional
2. Data protection law
3. Cyber crimes
Data - 52000 cyber crimes reported in 2021 ncrb
3. Critical infra - cyber attack
Ex: chinas red echo group
4. E-gov merely focusing on computerisation, access
5. Partnership with big tech - data sovereignty
6. Textual interface mostly English
60
Way to handle egov problems
1. National digital literacy mission
2. Natural language processing in 22 scheduled
4. Rural areas-
Ex: KFon- Kerala giving broadband connectivity to all
5. Women specific -digital Shakthi campaign by min of women
6. Ensure device neutrality-
Ex: UPI123 pay for feature phones
Going forward india should adopt a PHYGITAL model - physical + digital. Everything online will be exclusionary.
61
Why digital gender divide
1. Access
- social gender norms reflects in digital gender gap
- risk to women’s reputation and interruption to care giving ( UP madora village )
- online activity governed by male relatives
- during Covid — son preference in giving digital devices
2. LITERACY
- less access+ less education
- lack of digital services and products designed for women
3. CYBER CRIMES
- cyber stalking, unsolicited sexual messages
- 52% women globally
- 90% of child sexual abuse images
62
2nd ARC Recco regarding civil service
1. Mid career training
2. National institute of public administration - to run ug
3. Civil service board for appointments and transfers
4. Code of ethics
63
Niti ayog @75 report regarding civil service
1. Mid career exams / assessment
2. Evaluation process to shift from annual confidential reports —-> multi stakeholder report
3. Goal setting and tracking via SPARROW PLATFORM ( online performance appraisal platform)
64
Pros and cons of ppp in health care
Pros
1. Affordable
2. Gap of medical education
3. Infrastructure, diagnostics
4. Qty and Qlty
5, better control over pvt sector
Cons
1. Profit motive,
2. What’s the incentive of pvt sector to invest in rural areas
3. Focus mainly on tertiary care
4. Abdication of responsibility by govt
5. Difficult to come into consensus
65
Issues with corporate governance in india
1. Organisational issues
- accounting irregularities— inflating share value by inflating profits, shell companies
- concentration of power in family owned companies
- lack of ID, lack of diversity in BOD
2. Global
- tax havens , round tripping
- money laundering
3. Investors
- flipping of startup’s because of overall investment climate
- reduced credit ratings
4. Regulators
- post facto
- lack of detterance
- long litigation
5. Gate keepers
- auditors - inexperienced, collusive
6. Overall economy affected
66
Wf for corporate governance
1. Uday Kotak panel
- top 100 firms as per market capitalisation should webcast shareholders meeting
- disclose auditor credentials
2. Recent SEBI regulations — ESG ratings and business responsibility and sustainability reporting
3. Amending companies act in the line of SARBANES OXLEY ACT of USA to improve auditing and public disclosure norms
4. Expand from few too big to fail companies
Case study : chaebols of South Korea
67
Procedural or legal limitations of lokpal
1. 7 yr
2. No suo motto
3. Selection committee- members of political party
4. Lack of protection to whistle blowers
6. No constitutional backing
68
Lokpal recent parliament committee report
1. 68% complaints in last 4 yrs disposed off without any action
2. Major reason — not in prescribed form— ~ 2500— 22-23
3. Only 3 complains fully investigated
4. Not a single accused ever prosecuted
6. 32/82
69
Benifits of the new fcra regulations
1. Transparency and accountability- tackle hidden agendas
2. Main objective - ex: amnesty international criticised for high salary of its employees
3. Chronic donor dependence
4. Green peace
Sc upheld the regulations in NOEL HAPOUR vs UOI - because of the past experience of misutilisation of fund
70
What are some of the issues with inter state council
71
Functions of pac
72
Usa cases
1. Marbury vs madison
2. Roe vs wade, planned parenthood vs cassey
3. Students for fair admission vs Harvard - race based affirmative actions violates equality
73
Scope of judicial review of USA vs india
1. FR in india comes with codified restrictions . But not in USA constitution . So wide judicial power to us constitution
2. Usa - due process of law.
3. Usa - read down + come up with new law. Called the third chamber of legislature
4. Usa judges considered the legal and moral philosophies underlying an act. Not just constitutional provisions
74
Research in India issue
75
NRF bill
76
GHI - 107/121
Gs2
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