Schemes for pvtg
- Rofr
- Pesa
- PVTG development mission - budget 23
- Protection of aboriginal tribes of A&N
Benifits of mnrega
- Increased rural incomes, agri offseason, distress migration
- Tackling water stress- atleast 60% of the work undertaken must be related to land and water conservation
- Women empowerment- more than 33% workers
- Battling uncertainities like pandemic - relief to migrants
- Community assets - sense of responsibility. Ex: many johads in many villages of haryana have been revived
- Active citizenry via legally mandated social audit
Min of rural development data - 15 cr active workers and 5 cr households in 22-23
Challenges with working of mnrega
- Budget 23 - 33% lower than revised estimates of budget 22- might lead to low availability of work and increased unemployment
- Centre- state - centre owes more than 6000 cr to 18 states
- Regional inequality- though centrally funded, outcome varies. (190 - 320) ,
- Ineffective grievance redressal mechanism
- Regular delay in payment - inactive aadhar, closed blocked, frozen account
- No compensation for late payment inspite of supreme court order
- Rural bank - poor infra, staff. Workforce face delay in withdrawal of money
Case study of lib tech india
8. Online attendance- NMMS app - poor internet connectivity, app glitches
Steps to improve mnrega
- Ombudsman
- Uniform rate
- Localisation+ social audits - – public domain
- Revision of permissable work
- Women - ex: recent opening of crèches in Karnataka
Conclusion
Project unnati - to improve the skill base of workers
Why crimes against dalits
- Landlord - servant relation- unquestionable
- Police personnel- simple hurt rather than prevention of atrocities act
- Legislative interventions- incremental improvement in rural landscape- sense of despair among higher caste
- Ingrained sense of purity— inder meghwal
- Prolonged judicial process emboldens the wrong doers
- Women - 10 every day 2019
Way forward for dalit crimes
- Fair policing
- Public land and cultivable waste land could be distributed to dalits
- NCSC, NCST, NHRC- Strengthening powers
- Intercaste marraiges - social endosmosis
- MORAL education on equality - constitutional values of fraternity
Challenges in entrepreneurship to dalits ( refurbishable content )
- Lack of access to business networks – find rt workers, forge link with suppliers and customers
- Disinterest shown by high caste workers to work under dalit owner
- Lack of credit - lack of collateral guarantee
- Low literacy among dalits- 66%
- Discrimination both in upstream and downstream level – leading to economic unsustainability of firm. Ex: supplier charging higher price for raw materials
Features of the pocso act 2012
Intro- consequence of ratification of UN Convention of rts of child. Several progressive provision
- Confidentiality of victims identity- any form of media
- Gender neutral ( victim and perpetrator). Anyone under the age of 18 is a child
- Mandatory reporting of child abuse case - especially since families try to hide intra family child abuse
- Victim can report at any time - even after a no.of years post abuse
- Special courts
Pocso amendment 2019 and pocso rules 2020
2019 amendment
1. Increased min punishment- ex: for penetrative sexual assault from 7 years to 10 years
2. Introduced death penalty for aggravated penetrative sexual assault
3. Introduced offence of transmitting or propogatinv pornograhic material involving a child.
2020 rules
1. Any instn housing children or coming in periodic contact - police verification and background check of every employee
2. Instn has to adopt a child protection policy based on zero tolerance for violence against children.
Pocso shortcomings
A. Pretrial or investigation stage
1. Inadequate awareness - study by world Vision india 2020- 35% children and 32% caregivers
2. Statement by women SI. But women less than 10% of police force
3. Proviso of using audio- video means
Psc report - ~ 600 police stations do not even have telephone
4. No provison for age determination. Forces officers to rely on data of birth records in school.
5. Bone ossification test - only approximate age
5. As per the act investigation to be completed within a month. But in practice long, inturn delays charge sheet
Trial stage
1. Witness retract
2. Lack of special public prosecutors for special courts
3. Judicial interpretation leading to effect dilution- ex satish ragde vs state –> no offence because no skin to skin touch
Post trial stage
1. Dispersal of interim compensation often delayed
Steps to enhance effectiveness of pocso
By vidhi center for legal policy
1. Trained pp
2. Vulnerable witness deposition centers
3. Age appropriate info about pocso in school curriculum
4. Capacity building at all levels.
Concln - fund and personnel. Coordination between school, police and CWC.
What are the factors that lead to juvenile delinquency
More than 31000 cases against juveniles in 2021
- Individual factors/ personality traits - lack of self control, insecurity etc
- Family - broken homes, sustance abuse of parents, child rearing practices
- School- peer group
- Movies - violence, alcohol. Content moderation
- Persistent unemployment ( wb, 25% , 15-24 )
definition of child labor
ILO - Work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and dignity, and is harmful to their physical and mental dev
10.1 mn child labor
2016 amendment to child labor act 1986. And specific criticisms
Amendment
1. Banned employment of child labor below 14 years
2. Prohibited employment of adolescents (14-18) in hazardous occupations
3. Child labor a cognizable offence
4. Rehabilitation fund
5. But children can help in family run enterprises after school hour
Specfic criticism
Though the act tried to strike a balance between edn of children and the reality of socio economic conditions in the country
- Allowing children to work in family or family enterprise indirectly takes away rt to edn.
Making home work+ work difficult - Under the guise of family run- shiwakasi firework child labors
- Possiblity of perpetuating occupation based caste system
- Girl child stuck with household work
- What classifies as hazardous activities- left to the executive / impementing officer
Why india stuck in the scourge of child labor
- Failure to combat poverty, unemployment among adult members
- Nimble finger theory - alleged efficiencies in employing children.
Ex: shiwakashi - Exploitative economic systems- ex. Camp coolie system of TN- confining children and teenagers and compelling them to toil long hours without break
- Organised crime nexus - leaking info about rescue operation, forged age certificates
- Poor quality primary edn- school drop outs
- Fuelled by backwardness- secc 2011 - most child labors in India either dalits Or from backward classes
- Disguised child labor - exploitative working conditions in entertainment industry with chilf actors working in tv shows and movies
Challenges posed by growing elderly population in India.
Also specifically elder women
- Isolation and lonliness rising
** helpage india survey - 36% felt they were a burden to family ** - Multiple chronic issues + rising cost of geriatric care
- Affordable nursing homes and assisted living centers
- Ruralisation of old age ( chinmay Tumbe in INDIA Moving) and Globalisation - transnational flow of children
- Changing family system- values of individualism precedence over shared coexistence.
** longitudinal aging study in india survey - atleast 5% of elderly faced illtreatment ( including verbal abuse) **
Elder women
- Gendered nature of ageing — widowhood (16, 55 , above 65)
- Society inhibit women from remarrying
- Life of a widow – stringent moral codes – integral rights relenquished and liberties circumvent
- Neglect, abuse, lack of access to basic services
- Excluded from social Security schemes due to low literacy rate and awareness levels
Roadmap for elderly
- Promote silver economy
- Shantanu Naidu
-easyfone
- old age investment schemes - Who 2020-2030 DECADE OF HEALTHY AGEING— institutes like AIIMS to come to forefront to promote healthy ageing
Define transgender.
Also what are the key provisons of transgender protection Act 2019? Concerns?
Who defines TG as the person whose sense of gender doesn’t match with the gender assigned to them at birth.
The landmark NALSA vs UOI - declared TG as the third gender and recognised their right to self identification
TGPA 2019
- Certificate of identity on application to DM
- Revised certificate if individual undergoes surgery
- Prohibition against discrimination in education, employment, healthcare
- Recognizes offence like forced labor, abuse ( physical, sexual, verbal etc), removal from household etc. Penalties for the same
- National council of TG to advise CG
Issues
1 . Nalsa - self determination. Here application to Dm
3. Silent on whether a transperson who holds male or female certificate can access schemes for TG
4. NO action on medical conversion surgeries conducted on infants born with intersex variation
5. Threat to safety– forced to remain with abusive family
- Silent on reservation
- FR- marriage, adoption, property etc.
What are the challenges faced by transgenders
- Often forced to leave biological family
Penchan baseline survey - only a quarter accepted by family - Undp report- 50% TG mental health issues
- Huge drop outs from schools- bullying, instituional failures
- Higher education- in 2019 delhi university only had one transgender applicant
- Vicious cycle of poverty - sex trade—
- More vulnerable than other sex workers to HIV aids, fatal communicable disease
- Botched sex re-assignment surgery - suicide of annanayh alex
- Political marginalisation - census 2011 4.8 lakh, only 30000 registered with ec
Define pvtg
Not constititionally recognized.
Dhebar commn- pre agri tech, popln, literacy, subsistence level economy
As of now 75 pvtgs
Governanance challenges of pvtg
- Anthropological survey of india - overlap and repetitive - birhor and mankidia in odisha refer to the same group
- Biaga tribes - achanakmar due to tiger corridor
- Poverty - Don’t know how to market MFP
- Diseases- malaria, skin infection , sickle cell anemia
- Very high illiteracy- average literacy rate 10-44%
- Affected by devp projects - ex : great Nicobar project
- Cultral anxiety - ashramisation of education
Problems faced by tribals in India
- Socio economic
- education- 59%
- health - sickle cell anaemia- budget 23
- development at the cost of their habitat
Ex: Dongriya kondh fighting against bauxite mining of niyamgiri - Political marginalisation of PVTG because they are not a swing population
- Cultural anxiety - ashramisation ( no teachers and books in tribal language)
- asur korwa tribal languages critically endangered - Deterioration of forests
Almost 9 lakh trees axed for gravest Nicobar projects - Jarawa, on
Way forward for tribes
- Healthcare improvement-
Ex: Odisha’s PVTG nutritional improvement programme - Education
Ex. Namath basai - Employment income generation- stand up india schemes,
Best practice- Jharkhand’s e- commerce deoghar market for tribal products
- Equip them — abcd campaign of waynad
- Infrastructure development via harnessing tribal knowledge.
Ex. Meghalaya living bridges - khasi, jaintia tribes - tribal Panchasheel - leaders among them
Ex: goal prog of Facebook - leadership mentoring of tribal youths
7 decades. Still welfare schemes failing
- Economic survey 2015 - 3 problem
- data rather than popular perception
- myopic policy view - unintended consequences
- limited states capacity for implementation - Legislative impact assessment
Ex. Child labor in family enterprises perpetuating caste based occupation - Lack of literacy
- Lack of ngos at grassroot
- Meager amount. Last updation of old age pension to rs 300 happened 10 years ago
- No universal social Security. So inclusion, exclusion errors
- Corruption - jharkhand scholarship scam
- Black market and profiteering - news reports of tribals selling ghee, egg, etc provided by govt to outside agents.
