Dyspnea

Question 1

What is the normal breathing pattern called?

Answer 1

Eupnea

Eupnea refers to a normal breathing rate and pattern.

Question 2

What is tachypnea characterized by?

Answer 2

Increased respiratory rate

Common causes include fever, anxiety, exercise, and shock.

Question 3

What does bradypnea indicate?

Answer 3

Decreased respiratory rate

Causes may include sleep, drugs, metabolic disorders, head injury, or stroke.

Question 4

Define apnea.

Answer 4

Absence of breathing

Apnea can occur in various medical conditions.

Question 5

What is hyperpnea?

Answer 5

Normal rate, but deep respirations

It can be caused by emotional stress or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Question 6

Describe Cheyne-Stokes breathing.

Answer 6

Gradual increases and decreases in respirations with periods of apnea

Often associated with increasing intracranial pressure or brain stem injury.

Question 7

What characterizes Kussmaul’s breathing?

Answer 7

Tachypnea and hyperpnea
## Footnote

Commonly seen in renal failura

Question 8

What is apneustic breathing?

Answer 8

Prolonged inspiratory phase with shortened expiratory phase

Associated with damage to the medulla oblongata.

Question 9

What does ataxic breathing entail?

Answer 9

Complete irregularity, with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea

This can indicate severe brain injury.

Question 10

What is gasping breathing?

Answer 10

Deep, audible, single breath

Often associated with brain hypoxia or cardiac arrest.

Question 11

What is dyspnea?

Answer 11

Shortness of breath

Common causes include asthma, pneumonia, cardiac ischemia, and anxiety.

Question 12

List the normal auscultation breathing sounds.

Answer 12

• Vesicular
• Bronchial
• Bronchovesicular

These sounds are part of normal respiratory assessment.

Question 13

What are fine crackles?

Answer 13

High pitched sounds heard in lower lung; alveoli popping open on inspiration

Associated with diseases like heart failure and atelectasis.

Question 14

What are coarse crackles?

Answer 14

Low pitched sounds, usually louder than fine crackles

Indicative of fluid in airways, seen in pulmonary edema and pneumonia.

Question 15

What does a wheeze indicate?

Answer 15

Lower airway obstruction/narrowed airways

Commonly associated with asthma.

Question 16

What are rhonchi?

Answer 16

Low pitched wheezes due to obstruction or secretions in larger airways

Seen in bronchiectasis and pneumonia.

Question 17

What is stridor?

Answer 17

High-pitched breath sound from turbulent airflow in the larynx or bronchial tree

Indicates potential airway obstruction.

Question 18

What are pleural rubs?

Answer 18

Pleura rubbing together

Associated with lung cancer and pneumonia.

Question 19

What is hemoptysis?

Answer 19

The coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs

Common causes include TB, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, lung abscess, mitral stenosis, heart failure, foreign body, trauma, and pulmonary embolism.

Question 20

Name the causes of hemoptysis.

Answer 20

• TB
• Lung cancer
• Bronchiectasis
• Lung abscess
• Mitral stenosis
• Heart failure
• Foreign body
• Trauma
• Pulmonary embolism

These conditions can lead to coughing up blood or blood-stained mucus.

Question 21

What does Vital Capacity (VC) measure?

Answer 21

Maximum volume which can be ventilated in a single breath

It is an important parameter in assessing lung function.

Question 22

Define Forced Vital Capacity (FVC).

Answer 22

The volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration, measured in liters

This measurement is crucial for evaluating lung capacity.

Question 23

What is Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)?

Answer 23

The volume of air forcibly blown out in one second after maximal inspiration

It is a key indicator of lung function.

Question 24

What does FEV1% represent?

Answer 24

The ratio of FEV1 to FVC

In healthy adults, this should be approximately 75-80%.

Question 25

In obstructive diseases like **COPD**, what happens to FEV1?

Answer 25

FEV1 is decreased due to increased airway resistance to expiratory flow ## Footnote FVC may be increased due to air trapping in emphysema.

Question 26

In obstructive diseases, what is the typical FEV1/FVC ratio?

Answer 26

Decreased (<80%, often ~45%) ## Footnote This indicates impaired expiratory flow.

Question 27

In restrictive diseases like **pulmonary fibrosis**, how are FEV1 and FVC affected?

Answer 27

Both FEV1 and FVC are reduced proportionally ## Footnote The FEV1/FVC value may be normal or even increased due to decreased lung compliance.

Question 28

Whats biots breathing

Answer 28

Rapid deep inspirations with short pauses of breathing