Patho II > E2: online hematologic > Flashcards

E2: online hematologic Flashcards

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1
Q

anemia definition

A

reduced circulationg erythrocytes (RBC) and or decreased hemoblibin

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2
Q

normocytic

A

normal RBC size

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3
Q

microcytic

A

small RBC

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4
Q

macrocytic

A

Large RBC

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5
Q

normochromic

A

normal hemoglobin

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6
Q

hypochromic

A

low concentration of hemoglobin

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7
Q

hyperchromic

A

high concentrations of hemoglobin

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8
Q

etiologies of anemia

A
  • altered production
  • blood loss
  • increased destruction
  • combination of the above
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9
Q

clinical mani of anemia

A
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • dizziness
  • fainting
  • lethargy
  • increased RR
  • decreased hemoglobin
  • paleness of ear lobes, conjunctiva and palms
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10
Q

if the clinical mani of anemia are allowed to continue, what happens

A

may have cardiac, renal and other systemic results

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11
Q

how are the clinical manifestations of anemia classified

A

according to cause or changes in erythrocytes

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12
Q

what are the 5 types of anemia classified as normocytic-normochromic

A
  1. aplastic
  2. post-hemorrhagic
  3. hemolytic
  4. anemia associated with chronic inflammation
  5. sickle-cell anemia
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13
Q

aplastic anemia

A

insufficient number of RBCs

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14
Q

aplastic anemia results from

A
  • abnormal stem cell production
  • infliltratiove disorders of bone marrow
  • altered stem cell environment
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15
Q

etiologies of aplastic anemia

A
  • drug-chloramphenical
  • benzene
  • toxins
  • radiation
  • immunologic injury to bone marrow
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16
Q

post hemmorhagic anemia

A

loss of RBC’s

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17
Q

what causes post hemmorhagic anemia

A
  • shock
  • lactic acidosis
  • death
  • if blood loss of 40-50%
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18
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature descruction of RBC’s

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19
Q

what causes hemolytic anemia

A
  • infectoins
  • drugs
  • toxins
  • systemic diseases
  • liver or kidney diseases
  • can be hereditary
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20
Q

what are the two hemolytic diseases of newborns

A
  • ABO incompatability

- Rh incompatability

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21
Q

ABO incompatability

A
  • mother is type O

- Baby is either A, B or AB

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22
Q

Rh incompatability

A
  • mother Rh neg

- infant if Rh positive

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23
Q

anemia associated with chronic inflammation increases

A

demand for erythrocytes

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24
Q

when is anemia associated with chronic inflammation seen

A
  • HIV
  • inflammatory diseases like lupus and rheumatic fever
  • in chronic renal failure
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25
why is anemia associated with chronic inflammation seen in chronic renal failure
the kidneys do not produce erythropoietin so that can lead to chronic anemia
26
sickle-cell anemia
abnormal shaped RBC and abnormal hemoglobin synthesis
27
cause of sickle-cell
autosomal recessive disorder seen in persons from equatorial countries
28
incidence of sickle-cell
- in the us seen mostly if blacks - 7-13% chance of having trait - .7% chance of having disease
29
etiology of sickle cell disease
-Abnormal S hemoglobin which reacts to decreased O2 and dehydration. under normal conditions, no problems exist
30
under what conditions does sickle cell cause problems
- hypoxia (infections) - high altitude - exercising - flying in unpresssurized airplanes
31
how does O2 play a role in sickle cell
when o2 concentration decreases, the RBC become sickled, non-flexible and stiff
32
when sickle cells become sickled, what happens
- occluded BV - increased viscosity - increased deoxygenation and infarction and pain
33
when do sickle cells go back to normal
regain normal shape when reoxygenated and rehydrated
34
when do clinical manifestations of sickling happen
until 6 months
35
clinical mani of sickling
- pallor - fatigue - jaundice - irritability
36
what is vasoocclusive crisis
may occur if extensive sickling | -begins in micro circulation-log jam occurs causing thrombosis and tissue infarction if not corrected (severe pain)
37
mani of vvasoocclusive crisis
- painful swelling of jts, hands, feet - abdominal pain - enlarged liver and spleen due to RBC breakdown
38
how long does a crisis last
4-6 days
39
when does a crisis improve
with rehydration and reoxygenation
40
anemia classified as macrocytic-normochromic
pernicious anemia
41
macrocytic- normochromic
- large abnormal RBC | - normal hemoglobin
42
cause of pernicious anemia
- decreased gastric secretion of intrinsic factor (absent) leads to malabsorption of vitamin b-12 - decreased VB-12 leads to decreased erythrocyte production - the RBCs are abnormal and large (they die and that causes anemia)
43
when is pernicious anemia mainly seen
late adult life but also in congenital form (before 2 yoa)
44
microcytic-hypochromic
iron-deficiency anemia classified as microcytic-hypochromic
45
iron deficiency anemia
lack of iron for hemoglobin production | -most common type of anemia
46
cause of iron deficiency enemia
- continual blood loss | - insufficient dietary intake (most common anemia 6mo-2years because of increased iron needed for growth)
47
stage one of iron def. anemia
body's store of RBC are depleted
48
stage 2 of iron def. anemia
insufficient iron, altered RBC's are produced
49
stage III iron def. anemia
hypochromic RBC's put into circulation
50
when do mani of iron def. anemia occur
develop slowly in stage III
51
clinical mani of iron d anemia
-Children: pica, decreased growth or developmental delays
52
hemophilia
genetic disease caused by deficiency of blood clotting factors essential for forming a clot
53
factor 8 hemophilia A
classic hemophilia and most common type - X linked, recessive - occurs in males - passed on by females
54
factor 9 hemophilia B
Christmas disease - x linked, recessive - less sever than HA
55
vactor 11 hemophilia C
autosoma recessive, least severe type
56
clinical mani of hemophilia
- symptoms infrequent in first year of life - start seeing at age 3-4 - may notice excessive bruising and bleeding when starting to walk or run - hemoarthrosis - recurrent bleeding after injury, minor trauma
57
hemoarthrosis
hallmark of hemophilia | -into elbows, knees, ankles
58
SE of hemoarthrosis
causes pain, limits movement, predisposes to degeneritive changes in joints
59
leukemia
malignant disease of blood and blood-forming organs causing an accumulation of dysfunctional cells and loss of cell division regulations
60
when is leukemia common
- most common childhood cancer (33%) | - adults after 50+ in chronic form
61
acute leukemia
-cell immiture (blast)
62
onset of acute leukemia
rapid and abrupt
63
survival time for acute leukemia
time may be short
64
acute makes up what % of childrens leukemia
50%
65
acute myelogenous (aml)
common adult type of acute leukemia
66
chronic leukemia
cell mature but doesnt function normally
67
onset of chronic leukemia
gradual, longer survival
68
chronic lymphocytic
common adult type of chronic leukemia
69
etiologies of keukemia
- unknown - recur in families (2-4x if sibling has) - increased association with other genic abnormalities such as downs, fanconi syndrome - acquired disorders such as hodgkins, mm - CLL, CML may cause acute leukemias - larg edoses of ionizing radiation may cause myelogenous leukemia - drugs which cause bone marrow depression may predispose person to leukemia - high doses of chemo for hodgkins, mm and ovarian cancer may cause acute myelogenous leukemia - viruses cause leukemia in animals but not proven in humans yet
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