1
Q
What does a clinical psychologist do? (2)
A
- Work within ethical guidelines and within an evidence-based framework
- Provide interventions for individuals, couples, or families to improve their mental health and wellbeing
2
Q
What are the 4 steps to provide intervention?
A
- Psychological assessment
- Diagnosis
- Formulation
- Psychological assessment
3
Q
What do clinical psychologist do in a psychological assessment?
A
- Undertake assessment with clients who present for treatment
- Aim of assessment is to accurately identify and understand the presenting problem and other relevant factors: Clinical disorders, personality disorders, Medical conditions, Personal history, childhood, Social/ environmental, Overall functioning
4
Q
What are psychological assessments? (2)
What are some examples? (3)
A
- Assessment outcomes informs diagnosis and formulation, in order to guide treatment decisions and planning.
- Identify strengths (can draw on these in treatment) and weaknesses (potential barriers)
Examples:
- Diagnostic questionnaires or psychological tests
- Structured, semi-structured, or clinical interviews
- Behavioural observation
5
Q
What can a diagnosis tell us? (5)
A
- Diagnosis guides treatment planning
- Selection of empirically supported treatment appropriate for individual client
- Understanding factors likely to influence treatment progress
- A diagnosis may enable clients to access certain funding and support
- A diagnosis can help clients better understand and ‘explain’ their current experience
6
Q
What entails formulation? (4) What are the examples? (2)
A
- Develop and share understanding of the why — Why this problem? Why for this person? Why now?
- Based on known risks and associated factors of the condition
- Helps client gain understanding (and feel understood) — important part of therapy because it helps in client engagement and therapeutic alliance/ relationship
- Helps guide treatment
Example:
- 4 P’s (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, protective)
- Generally based on etiological model of presenting problem (share this with client). E.g. cognitive model of depression
7
Q
What are psychological treatments?
A
- Selection of Empirically Support Treatment (ESTs), following the three legged stool analogy
8
Q
What are some common ESTs?(3)
A
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
- Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
- Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
9
Q
What are some factors to consider when administering psychological treatment? (5)
A
- Who else is in the treatment team? Are they having regular contact with GP or psychiatrist? Make sure to get into contact and ensure they are on the same page to allow for cohesive treatment
- Who are the client’s supports/support network? social support is a strong predictive factor, be informed of the client’s social network and how it can leverage treatment
- Can we deliver this therapy in this particular setting? Make sure treatment corresponds to capability of therapist (practical things)
- What are the client’s goals? imperative to check out with client to see what they want to get out of seeing a therapist e.g. work on confidence, relationship issues
- Is there any comorbidity? Consult with literature and clinical judgement to decide which disorder to prioritise. Will presence of one disorder interfere with regular treatment of the other?
10
Q
How can theory in developmental psychology inform the practice of a clinical psychologist? (3)
A
- Understand what is expected development so we know when something might be atypical
- Providing psychological interventions that are developmentally appropriate
- Being able to communicate appropriately with the client
11
Q
How can theory in biological psychology inform the practice of a clinical psychologist?
A
- Understanding underlying brain mechanisms that account for thoughts, emotions, behaviours, etc.
- Understanding what happens when issues arise
12
Q
How can theory in social psychology and cognitive psychology inform the practice of a clinical psychologist?
A
- Understanding how people function in relationships and in communities
- Understanding of cognitive processes, e.g., learning, memory, motivation, emotion
13
Q
Which EST has the strongest empirical support?
A
CBT
14
Q
What are some the unhelpful patterns of thinking? (10)
A
- Mental filter
- jumping to conclusions
- should-ing and must-ing
- overgeneralisation
- personalisation
- catastrophising
- black&white thinking
- labelling
- emotional reasoning
- magnification and minimisation
15
Q
What are negative automatic thoughts? (2)
A
- Thoughts are often automatic and can be difficult to identify
- May follow a ‘theme’ — based on a core belief about oneself
16
Q
What are core beliefs?
A
‘Young’s maladaptive schemas’
- Schemas are core beliefs based on early life experiences
- Assumptions about how the world works
- Schemas act as a ‘filter’ through which subsequent information processed
- Influencing content of negative automatic thoughts
- Schemas are often self-perpetuating
17
Q
What are the core beliefs? (17)
A
- Abandonment/instability
- Mistrust/abuse
- Defectiveness/shame
- Social isolation/alienation
- Dependence/incompetence
- Vulnerability to harm or illness
- Enmeshment/under developed self
- Failure
- Entitlement/grandiosity
- Insufficient self-control
- Subjugation
- Self-sacrifice
- Approval seeking
- Negativity
- Emotional inhibition
- Unrelenting standards
- Punitiveness
18
Q
How does cognitive restructuring happen? (7)
A
- Helping clients understand that individuals may develop unhelpful patterns of thinking they unconsciously apply across various situations in life (thoughts are influential)
- Identify unhelpful thinking styles
- Educating clients to understand link between triggering events, thoughts, and emotions/behaviours (ABC model).
- Helping clients identify and uncover their own ABC patterns and NATs
- Assisting clients to understand how these patterns have arisen
- Aiding clients in ‘restructuring’ these though patterns
- Helping client generate alternate thoughts
19
Q
What is the behavioural component in CBT?
A
- Behaviours that individuals do/do not engage in often reinforce the underlying problem. E.g. if you are feeling depressed, you may refuse to see a friend, and later feel even worse.
- Treatment may include identifying the behavioural cycles in which a client is engaging
20
Q
What are the key component for treatment of low mood? (6)
A
- Behavioural activation aims to disrupt the behavioural cycle of depression
- E.g. pleasant activity scheduling, self-care activities, small tasks that give a sense of accomplishment, light exercise
- Uses behavioural experiments
- Test beliefs that maintain the disorder, e.g., “If I go to the BBQ, I will have a terrible time and no one will speak to me.”
Experiment: “Go and strike up a conversation” - Relaxation activities
e. g. Physiological de-arousal, activate parasympathetic nervous system, Controlled breathing, visualisation, mindfulness, other relaxing activities
21
Q
What are other CBT interventions? (5)
A
- Problem solving: A structured process including defining the problem, brainstorming possible solutions, evaluating pros/cons of each solution, and selecting a solution
- Behaviour change: Set plan for changing specific behaviour, can use principles of operant conditioning e.g., rewards, setting small goals, etc.
- Graded exposure: Gradually exposing client to feared situation/stimuli, such that at each step, client’s anxiety reduces before the next step is attempted (e.g., thinking of a spider)
- Sleep hygiene: Providing evidence-based information and tips to help address sleep issues
- Psycho-education: Providing client with with psychological education regarding their presenting problem
22
Q
What is the active role of the client? (5)
A
- CBT generally includes ‘homework’ for client
- E.g., Recording or self-monitoring behaviours, completing thought diaries, relaxation charts, etc.
- Emphasis teaching skills and skills-based approach
- Clinical psychologist guides the client, teaches skills, facilitates insights — but client has active role in sessions and between sessions
- Treatment generally time-limited with a structured approach
23
Q
What model does CBT operate under? (2)
A
- CBT inherently operates under a biopsychosocial model
- Social element important too — not just something the client does ‘to solve their own problems in their heads’.
24
Q
What are the social components of CBT? (4)
A
- Person understood within their social context
- Involves client activating their social supports
- Behavioural activation often involves engaging with friends, family, or the community
- Strengthening interpersonal functioning a common goal
Capstone
flashcards
Decks in class (10)
# Cards
-
L2 Cultural Respect11
-
L3 Ethical Research and Practice50
-
L4 Professional Ethics and Ethical Reasoning16
-
APS Professional Code of Ethics22
-
Hester L7 Can I control my addictive behavior39
-
Hester L8 Am I in control of my behavior while intoxicated?15
-
EBP 117
-
EBP 224
-
Hester Exam Questions1
-
Kim's Exam Question Exposure Therapy6
