1
Q
Name the Functionalists of Education
A
Durkheim
Parsons
Davis and Moore
2
Q
Name the Marxists of Education
A
Althusser
Bowles and Gintis
Willis
3
Q
Name the Feminists of Education
A
Heaton and Lawson
Kelly
Walby
4
Q
Name The New Right of Education
A
Thatcher
Buchannon and Tullock
Murray
5
Q
Name the Postmodernists of Education
A
Beck
Usher
John Lee
6
Q
Explain the Functionalist Durkheim’s theory of Education
A
Social solidarity through shared heritage taught in history
7
Q
Explain the Functionalist Parson’s theory of education
A
School acts as a bridge from childhood to adulthood. Helps to learn the value of hard work
8
Q
Explain the Functionalist Davis and Moore’s theory of education
A
School is used for role allocation. Failure in school separates the most able from the least able and sorts them into jobs
9
Q
Explain the Marxist Althusser’s theory
A
School is a type of ideological control. It makes us believe that our failure is our fault and we don’t question society
10
Q
Explain the Marxist Bowles and Gintis’ theory
A
School teaches the hidden curriculum
- Hierarchy - teacher and pupil = boss and employee
- Extrinsic Rewards - hard work and good grades = hard work and good wages
- Conformity - break the rules means expulsion = break the rules means sac
- Competition - top set means best grades = promotion means best pay
- Docile Daydreamers - school work is boring/tedious = adult work is boring/tedious
- Division of Skills - skills are divided by subjects = skills are divided by different tasks in job
11
Q
Explain the Marxist Willis’ theory of education
A
W/C boys rebelled against Capitalism by rejecting school - not working/attending and mocking those who did
12
Q
Explain the Feminist Heaton and Lawson’s theory of education
A
Schools teach the patriarchal hidden curriculum
- Books - use gendered language
- Students - boys take up more time/attention
- Teachers expectations - boys asked to do more physical jobs e.g. moving furniture
- Curriculum - boys more dominant in sport. Male history/english taught more
- Lack of positive role models - more female teachers but more male head teachers
- Discrimination - 11+ exam pass rate was lower for boys than it was for girls
13
Q
Explain the Feminist Walby’s theory
A
All women have a different experience of education depending on their class and ethnicity
14
Q
Explain the Feminist Kelly’s theory
A
Gendered language in books - women mostly invisible in science/maths/IT text books
15
Q
Explain the New Right Buchanan and Tullock’s theory of education
A
Schools should give parents more choice over what type of education they receive e.g. having academies, grammar and faith schools as a choice
16
Q
Explain the New Right Thatcher’s theory
A
Parentocracy - creating competition between schools in order to raise standards
17
Q
Explain the New Right Murray’s theory
A
The underclass
- Welfare allows the nuclear family to break apart
- Single mothers can’t raise children effectively
- Children are poorly socialised and grow up without working values therefore fail in school
- Schools should address poor socialisation
18
Q
Give an evaluation of Durkiheim’s theory
A
Ignores cultural diversity
19
Q
Give an evaluation of Parson’s theory
A
Ignores those who don’t successfully make the transition - NEETs
20
Q
Give an evaluation of Davis and Moore’s theory
A
Nurses don’t need the highest grades but still perform an important job
21
Q
Give an evaluation of Althusser’s theory
A
Some people challenge education
22
Q
Give an evaluation of Bowles and Gintis’ theory
A
Some are outdated, docile daydreamers - art subjects challenge this
23
Q
Give an evaluation of Willis’ theory
A
This made them perfect for low skilled/low paid, boring/tedious work because they were unskilled and were used to being bored at school - they expected the same from work
24
Q
Give an evaluation of Heaton and Lawson’s theory
A
Could be outdated - schools are less sexist with more women in top jobs now
25
Give an evaluation of Walby's theory
Includes all girls
26
Give an evaluation of Kelly's theory
Could be outdated, girls are more encouraged into STEM subjects
27
Give an evaluation of Buchanan and Tullock's theory
Inevitable that the less popular schools will get left behind
28
Give an evaluation of Thatcher's theory
Less funded schools will fall apart and close down
29
Give an evaluation of Murray's theory
Makes unfair assumptions on women
30
Name the out of school factors of differential attainment of class
Material factors
| Cultural factors - cultural deprivation, cultural capital
31
Name the in school factors of differential attainment of class
Anti-school subcultures
| Labelling
32
Name the sociologists of material factors of class
Smith and Noble
Howard
Reay
33
Name the sociologists of cultural capital of class
Bourdieu
Bernstein
Ball et al
34
Name the sociologists of cultural deprivation of class
Doulas
Sugarman
Murray
35
Name the sociologists of anti-school subcultures of class
Willis
Keddie
Lacey
36
Name the sociologists of labelling of class
Becker
| Keddie
37
Explain Smith and Noble's theory
If a family can't afford uniforms/trips etc this can lead to bullying, leading to the child not wanting to attend school and receiving low grades due to this
At home - if a family can't afford computers/books/a well heated house it can lead to less homework being done and lower grades
38
Explain Howard's theory
If families can't afford healthy food cheap food often has less nutrients in it, meaning they'll be more likely to get ill = low attendance and low grades and they'll have lower concentration levels = low grades
39
Explain Reay's theory
W/C students less likely to go to uni due to money, they would have to work in order to get by meaning they will have less time/energy for studying
40
Explain Bourdieu's theory
M/C activities e.g. politics shows/museums/holiday homes means students do better in school as they are more cultures
41
Explain Bernstein's theory
M/C students have a better access to the elaborated language code due to their upbringing
42
Explain Douglas' theory
W/C parents have less interest in their child's education and this is demotivating to child e.g. they're less likely to turn up to parents evening
43
Explain Sugarman's theory
The W/C want instant gratification meaning they won't put the work in for high grades whereas M/C have deferred gratification so do better
44
Explain Ball et al's theory
M/C parents 'play the game' (being overly nice to teachers) so their child is more likely to succeed
45
Explain Murray's cultural deprivation theory
Due to welfare to nuclear family can break apart, single mothers can't raise their children correctly leading them to lack working values and won't try in school
46
Explain Becker's labelling theory
Teachers perceive the perfect pupil as M/C. This becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy for W/C as they believe they can't do well so don't
47
Explain Keddie's labelling theory
Setting and streaming - putting W/C students in bottom sets makes them believe they can't do well and becomes as self-fulfilling prophecy
48
Explain Willis' theory
W/C boys reject the education system as they believe they're being indoctrinated by capitalism, this creates hatred in school and creates anti-school subcultures
49
Explain Keddie's anti-school subcultures theory
Setting and steaming - causes hatred in school as they can't do well
50
Give an evaluation of Smith and Noble's theory
Less likely to occur as pupil premium now exists
51
Give an evaluation of Howard's theory
Less likely to occur as free school meals mean children can still eat healthily
52
Give an evaluation of Reay's theory
Less likely to be a problem now government grants exist
53
Give an evaluation of Bourdieu's theory
Sullivan's study supports this as she found that students are more successful if they do M/C activities like reading extensive fiction books
54
Give an evaluation of Bernstein's theory
This is true as exam questions use the elaborated language code, making it harder for W/C students
55
Give an evaluation of Murray's theory
Makes unfair assumptions of women
56
Give an evaluation of Sugarman's theory
Assumes all W/C have the same values, ignores W/C who achieve highly
57
Give an evaluation of Douglas' theory
Ignores parents with jobs and single parents with children to care for
58
Give an evaluation of Becker's theory
Ignores the initial act of defiance - why did the label occur
59
Give an evaluation of Keddie's theory
Ignores you can reject your label
60
Give an evaluation of Willis' theory
Outdated - class is less relevant now
61
Name the out of school factors of differential attainment of gender
The family structure
Changing aspirations
Social policies
62
Name the in school factors of differential attainment of gender
Labelling
Lack of role models
Changes in the curriculum
63
Explain Sue Sharpe's theory
Changing aspirations - girls now want careers instead of just marriage/children
64
Explain McRobbie's theory
Parents sharing house work duties and child care shows girls that this isn't just their role and can have careers too
65
Explain the social policy the equal pay act and how this affects differential attainment of gender
Equal pay for the genders means girls have more motivation to have a career and do well in school
66
Explain Epstein's theory
If boys participate in class/get high grades they are more likely to get labelled and bullied by other boys so they don't try as hard to avoid this
67
Explain Swann's theory
Boys get negatively labelled by teachers due to stereotypes of their bad behaviour, leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy
68
Explain Mitsos and Browne's theory
Girls mature quicker than boys and are able to concentrate for longer, therefore they succeed better in coursework
69
Explain Heaton and Lawson's theory of in school factors
There are more female teachers but more male head teachers, makes girls believe they can't be in charge
70
Name the sociologists of out of school factors of gender
McRobbie
Sue Sharpe
Equal Pay Act
71
Name the sociologists of in school factors of gender
Swann
Epstein
Mitsos and Browne
Heaton and Lawson
72
Name the in school factors of differential attainment for ethnicity
Labelling
Anti-school subcultures
Ethno-centric curriculum
73
Name the out of school factors of differential attainment for ethnicity
Material factors
Cultural deprivation
Cultural capital
74
Name the sociologists of labelling for ethnicity
Becker
| Gillborn
75
Name the sociologists of anti-school subcultures for ethnicity
Gillborn
| Willis
76
Name the sociologists of the ethno-centric curriculum
Tickley
77
Name the sociologists of cultural deprivation for ethnicity
Murray
Douglas
Sugarman
78
Name the sociologists of cultural capital for ethnicity
Bernstein
Bourdieu
Ball et al
79
Name the sociologists of material factors for ethnicity
Smith and Noble
Rex
Noon
80
Explain how Becker's theory links to ethnicity
Teachers perfect student is white M/C
81
Explain Gillborn's theory for ethnicity
Teachers stereotype BME through the media which leads to negative labelling
82
Explain how Gillborn's theory links to anti-school subcultures for ethnicity
The labels lead to the student hating school
83
Explain how Willis' theory links to ethnicity
Ethnic minority students are more likely to be W/C
84
Explain Tickley's theory
Only the negative aspects of black culture is taught - slavery
85
Give an evaluation of Tickley's theory
Policies like Equal Act to Promotion aim to create more role models in school for BME
86
Give an evaluation of Gillborn's theory
Systems like Offsted stop schools from being institutionally racist
87
Explain how Murray's theory links to ethnicity
He said the underclass is more likely to be BME
88
Explain how Douglas's theory links to ethnicity
You're more likely to be W/C if you're from an ethnic minority
89
Explain how Sugarman's theory links to ethnicity
You're more likely to be W/C if you're from an ethnic minority
90
Explain how Bernstein's theory links to ethnicity
If English isn't your first language you don't have access to the elaborated language code
91
Give an evaluation of Bernstein's theory linked to ethnicity
Systems have been put in place to take this into account with exam marking
92
Explain how Bourdieu's theory links to ethnicity
You're more likely to be W/C if you're from an ethnic minority
93
Explain how Ball's theory links to ethnicity
You're more likely to be W/C if you're from an ethnic minority
94
Explain Rex's theory
Racial discrimination leads to social exclusion meaning it is harder to get top jobs and be more vulnerable to material deprivation
95
Explain Noon's theory
He sent identical CV's out to different company's applying for jobs but changed the names so that it would suggest a persons ethnicity and found that employers are more interested in white candidates. This shows ethnic minorities struggle to get jobs and are more vulnerable to material deprivation
96
Explain how Smith and Noble's theory links to ethnicity
Ethnic minorities are more likely to experience material deprivation
97
Explain the meaning of meritocracy (15)
Davis and Moore
Saunders
Parsons
98
The meaning of anti-school and pro-school subcultures (15)
Willis
Gillborn
Becker
99
Explain the meaning of parentocracy (15)
Buchanan and Tullock
Thatcher
Chubb and Moe
100
Explain Chubb and Moe’s theory
Marketisation - state schools fail students, we should make schools parent funded so that they have to run with parents in mind
101
Give an evaluation of Epstein’s theory
Only focuses on W/C boys
102
Give an evaluation of Swann’s theory
Not a generalisable study - only based on one school
103
Give an evaluation of Mitsos and Browne’s theory
Even after coursework has been reduced girls are achieving higher than boys
104
Give an evaluation of Sue Sharpe’s theory
Backed up by schemes like GIST and WISE that encourage girls into science and technology subjects
Sociology Alevel
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Decks in class (7)
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