Electrolytes

Question 1

Electrolyte panel? a. Na+ K+ Cl- and HCO+3 b. K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ and Na+ c. Na+ Cl- and K+ d. HCO+3 Cl- and K+

Answer 1

a

Question 2

Life threatening? a. Na+ K+ Cl- and HCO+3 b. Na+ Cl- and K+ c. K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ and Na+ d. Mg2+ and PO4-

Answer 2

c

Question 3

For volume and osmotic regulation? a. HCO+3 Cl- and K+ b. Cl- Mg2+ Ca2+ and Zn2+ c. Na+ Cl- and K+ d. K+ Mg2+ and Ca2+

Answer 3

c

Question 4

Maintenance of acid base balance? a. Na+ Cl- and K+ b. HCO+3 Cl- and K+ c. Na+ K+ Cl- and HCO+3 d. Mg2+ and PO4-

Answer 4

b

Question 5

Bicarbonate and Carbonic acid are buffers and the reason why we are slightly alkaline? a. K+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ b. Bicarbonate and Carbonic acid c. Cl- Mg2+ Ca2+ and Zn2+ d. Na+ Cl- and K+

Answer 5

b

Question 6

For myocardial rhythm and contractibility?
a. Cl- Maintains electroneutrality through chloride shift
b. K+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ For myocardial rhythm and contractibility
c. Na+ Cl- and K+ For volume and osmotic regulation
d. Mg2+ - Replication of DNA and translation of mRNA

Answer 6

b

Question 7

For neuromuscular excitability?

a. K+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ b. Na+ K+ Cl- and HCO+3 c. Cl- Mg2+ Ca2+ and Zn2+ d. Mg2+ and PO4-

Answer 7

a

Question 8

Important cofactors in enzyme activation?
a. Na+ Cl- and K+ b. Cl- Mg2+ Ca2+ and Zn2+ c. HCO+3 Cl- and K+ d. K+ Mg2+ and Ca2+

Answer 8

b

Question 9

For the production and use of ATP from glucose? a. Mg2+ and PO4- b. Na+ Cl- and K+ c. K+ Mg2+ and Ca2+ d. Cl- Mg2+ Ca2+ and Zn2+

Answer 9

a

Question 10

Blood coagulation? a. K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ and Na+ b. Ca2+ and Mg2+ c. Na+ K+ Cl- and HCO+3 d. Na+ Cl- and K+

Answer 10

b

Question 11

Replication of DNA and translation of mRNA?
a. Zn2+ Deficient in T cell deficiency
b. Mg2+ - Replication of DNA and translation of mRNA
c. Cl- Maintains electroneutrality through chloride shift
d. Carbonic acid is not an electrolyte

Answer 11

b

Question 12

For the regulation of adenosine triphosphatase ATPase ion pumps? a. Mg2+ b. Cl- c. Na+ d. Ca2+

Answer 12

a

Question 13

Deficient in T cell deficiency DiGeorge Syndrome for immunity? a. PO4- b. Zn2+ c. HCO+3 d. K+

Answer 13

b

Question 14

Cl- Maintains electroneutrality through chloride shift? a. Ca2+ b. Mg2+ c. Cl- d. Zn2+

Answer 14

c

Question 15

SODIUM also known as? a. Natrium b. Kalium c. Cotlove chloridometer d. Fiske Subbarow

Answer 15

a

Question 16

Major extracellular cation? a. K+ b. Cl- c. Na+ d. PO4-

Answer 16

c

Question 17

Principal osmotic particle outside the cell dictates osmolality directly proportional? a. Na+ b. Ca2+ c. Mg2+ d. HCO+3

Answer 17

a

Question 18

SODIUM is involved in? a. Chloride shift b. Thirst mechanism c. Myocardial infarction d. DNA translation

Answer 18

b

Question 19

SODIUM is inversely related to? a. Calcium b. Potassium c. Chloride d. Bicarbonate

Answer 19

b

Question 20

HYPERNATREMIA value? a. < 135 mmol/L b. > 150 mmol/L c. 3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L d. >70 mmol/L

Answer 20

b

Question 21

HYPERNATREMIA symptoms most commonly involve the? a. CNS b. Skin c. Bones d. Lungs

Answer 21

a

Question 22

Hypertonic cell? a. cell swells b. cell shrinks c. Na is lost directly in vomits and stool d. albumin levels decrease

Answer 22

b

Question 23

Hypotonic cell? a. cell shrinks b. cell swells c. crenation of cells d. bite cells

Answer 23

b

Question 24

Excess NaCl may cause? a. crenation of cells b. granuloma formation c. alkaline tide d. malabsorption syndrome

Answer 24

a

Question 25

Low Na+ may cause? a. increased uterine blood flow b. swelling of the brain increasing brain injury risk and hypoxia from blood vessel congestion c. increased resistance to plasmodium d. narrowed arterioles of the heart

Answer 25

b

Question 26

Diabetes Insipidus Low ADH causes? a. water is retained leading to polyuria and hyponatremia b. water isn’t retained leading to polyuria and hypernatremia c. aldosterone is high causing increased retention of sodium d. each ketone produced will bind or chelate Na

Answer 26

b

Question 27

Renal tubular disorder defective water reabsorption SWAGU includes? a. Urea Salt Water Amino Acids Glucose b. Urea CO2 Water Lactate Glucose c. Albumin Na Cl HCO+3 d. K Mg Ca Zn

Answer 27

a

Question 28

Prolonged diarrhea in hypernatremia is? a. loss of water due to watery diarrhea b. Na is lost directly in vomits and stool c. low Na and Cl d. decreased HCl increases HCO3-

Answer 28

a

Question 29

Profuse sweat Due to Fever causes? a. loss of water b. increased aldosterone c. ketonuria d. pseudo hyponatremia

Answer 29

a

Question 30

Decreased Water Intake is rare because? a. Cotlove chloridometer is precise b. hypothalamus combats hypernatremia by stimulating thirst c. aldosterone is located in adrenal gland d. insulin promotes entry of potassium

Answer 30

b

Question 31

Decreased Water Intake risk groups include all EXCEPT? a. older persons b. infants especially premature babies c. adults with mental impairments physical disabilities d. sea water ingestion

Answer 31

d

Question 32

Hyperaldosteronism Conn’s results in? a. increased retention of sodium b. loss of Na+ in sweat c. Na is lost directly in vomits and stool d. Na leakage

Answer 32

a

Question 33

HYPONATREMIA value? a. > 150 mmol/L b. < 135 mmol/L c. 3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L d. >70 mmol/L

Answer 33

b

Question 34

HYPONATREMIA is? a. most sensitive marker of acute alcoholic hepatitis b. most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice and in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients c. earliest marker of pancreatitis d. index of parenchymal function

Answer 34

b

Question 35

Each ketone produced will bind or chelate Na and when ketone is excreted Na is also excreted is? a. ketonuria b. severe burns c. renal failure d. nephrotic syndrome

Answer 35

a

Question 36

Bartter’s syndrome key note? a. hyponatremia is corrected with fluid restriction b. hyponatremia is not corrected with fluid restriction c. polyuria low ADH d. sea water ingestion

Answer 36

b

Question 37

Cystic fibrosis shows? a. loss of Na+ in sweat sweat analysis of >70 mmol/L b. decreased HCl increases HCO3- c. increased blood calcium at the expense of bone d. citrate chelates Ca

Answer 37

a

Question 38

Increased Water Retention includes all EXCEPT? a. renal failure b. hepatic cirrhosis c. congestive heart failure d. diabetes insipidus

Answer 38

d

Question 39

Myxedema belongs to? a. increased sodium loss b. increased water retention c. cellular shift d. artefactual

Answer 39

b

Question 40

CNS abnormalities associated with? a. SIADH b. alkaline tide c. Conn’s d. cotlove chloridometer

Answer 40

a

Question 41

Excess water intake causes? a. sudden increase in water intake can decrease Na and lead to brain swelling b. increases Na and leads to crenation c. increases ADH and increases Na d. increases aldosterone and decreases Na

Answer 41

a

Question 42

SIADH statement? a. has unknown mechanism but is associated with cancer and CNS abnormalities b. calcium in EDTA is a CK inhibitor c. carbonic acid is not an electrolyte d. renal tubular disorder defective water reabsorption

Answer 42

a

Question 43

POTASSIUM also known as? a. Natrium b. Kalium c. Kininase II d. BuChe

Answer 43

b

Question 44

Major intracellular cation only 2 percent of total circulates in plasma? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl- d. HCO+3

Answer 44

b

Question 45

Life threatening electrolyte? a. chloride b. potassium c. bicarbonate d. phosphate

Answer 45

b

Question 46

Exchange of sodium and potassium sodium potassium pump produces? a. granuloma b. electricity voltage needed for our biologic pacemaker c. alkaline tide d. product inhibition

Answer 46

b

Question 47

Hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can lead to? a. arrhythmia which can lead to sudden death b. T cell deficiency c. renal tubular acidosis d. milk alkali syndrome

Answer 47

a

Question 48

Hormones affecting plasma potassium levels all anti potassium include all EXCEPT? a. aldosterone b. epinephrine c. insulin d. calcitonin

Answer 48

d

Question 49

Aldosterone effect on Na and K? a. increases Na decreases K b. decreases Na increases K c. increases Na increases K d. decreases Na decreases K

Answer 49

a

Question 50

Epinephrine provides? a. channel for the cellular entry of potassium b. chelation of calcium c. conversion of angiotensin I d. chloride shift

Answer 50

a

Question 51

Insulin promotes entry of potassium into? a. salivary glands and pancreas b. skeletal muscles and hepatic through the action of the Na+-K+-ATPase c. bone and ECF d. lungs and kidneys

Answer 51

b

Question 52

Insulin shock sequence? a. insulin overdose > hyperkalemia > arrhythmia > cardiac arrest b. insulin overdose > hypokalemia > arrhythmia > cardiac arrest c. insulin deficiency > hypokalemia > seizure > stroke d. insulin overdose > hyponatremia > brain swelling

Answer 52

b

Question 53

Normal Value of potassium? a. 135 - 150 mmol/L b. 3.5 - 5.1 mmol/L c. > 150 mmol/L d. < 135 mmol/L

Answer 53

b

Question 54

HYPERKALEMIA is almost always due to? a. impaired renal excretion b. profuse sweat c. sea water ingestion d. alkaline tide

Answer 54

a

Question 55

Hyperkalemia due to acute renal failure causes? a. decreased sodium levels low sodium = high potassium b. increased sodium levels high sodium = low potassium c. decreased chloride levels only d. increased bicarbonate only

Answer 55

a

Question 56

Hypo aldosteronism shows? a. ↑ Na ↑ K b. ↓ Na ↑ K c. ↓ Na ↓ K d. ↑ Na ↓ K

Answer 56

b

Question 57

Addison’s low Aldosterone shows? a. ↓ Na ↑ K b. ↑ Na ↓ K c. ↑ Na ↑ K d. ↓ Na ↓ K

Answer 57

a

Question 58

DM NO insulin = NO entry of K+ inside the cell causes? a. hypokalemia b. hyperkalemia c. hypocalcemia d. hypochloremia

Answer 58

b

Question 59

Immuno suppressive drugs Tacrolimus Cyclosporine Trimethoprim cause? a. potassium will not be excreted b. sodium will not be excreted c. calcium will not be excreted d. chloride will not be excreted

Answer 59

a

Question 60

Acidosis cellular shift statement? a. cells take up K and excrete H b. cells will take up H ions but excrete K c. cells take up Na and excrete Cl d. cells take up Ca and excrete Mg

Answer 60

b

Question 61

Chemotherapy causes hyperkalemia because? a. insulin entry of potassium b. cell dies which causes K to come ut c. chloride shift d. alkaline tide

Answer 61

b

Question 62

Vigorous exercise causes hyperkalemia via? a. exercise increases lactic acid → acidosis b. polyuria low ADH c. citrate chelates Ca d. albumin levels decrease

Answer 62

a

Question 63

Artefactual causes of hyperkalemia include all EXCEPT? a. sample hemolysis b. thrombocytosis c. prolonged tourniquet d. gastric suction

Answer 63

d

Question 64

HYPOKALEMIA effect on RMP and outcome? a. decreases RMP resulting in seizure b. increases RMP resulting in arrhythmia and paralysis c. increases ADH resulting in hyponatremia d. decreases aldosterone resulting in hypernatremia

Answer 64

b

Question 65

The heart may experience cessation of contraction in either? a. hyperkalemia only b. hypokalemia only c. hyperkalemia or hypokalemia d. hypernatremia or hyponatremia

Answer 65

c

Question 66

Bacillus cereus toxin causes both vomiting and diarrhea that occur at the same time in? a. gastric suction b. vomiting diarrhea c. malabsorption d. nephritis

Answer 66

b

Question 67

Diuretics listed under renal loss in hypokalemia include? a. thiazides mineralocorticoids b. insulin epinephrine aldosterone c. tacrolimus cyclosporine trimethoprim d. cotlove chloridometer ISE

Answer 67

a

Question 68

Hypomagnesemia note? a. Mg regulates K low Mg = low K b. Mg regulates Na low Mg = high Na c. Mg chelates Ca d. Mg causes alkaline tide

Answer 68

a

Question 69

Acute leukemia causes hypokalemia because? a. many WBCs takes up K b. ketone binds Na c. chloride is low d. citrate chelates Ca

Answer 69

a

Question 70

Cellular shift causes of hypokalemia include all EXCEPT? a. alkalosis b. insulin overdose c. barium and hydroxy chloroquine poisoning d. acidosis

Answer 70

d

Question 71

Bacillus cereus known as fried rice bacillus is caused by? a. consuming rice repeatedly exposed between hot-cold temperatures has spores b. sea water ingestion c. IV sodium bicarbonate excess d. salt losing nephropathy

Answer 71

a

Question 72

CHLORIDE is? a. major extracellular anion b. major intracellular cation c. 2nd most abundant anion in ECF d. principal osmotic particle outside the cell

Answer 72

a

Question 73

Chief counter ion of sodium in ECF? a. phosphate b. bicarbonate c. chloride d. calcium

Answer 73

c

Question 74

Sodium and chloride statement? a. their levels inversely affect each other b. if sodium is increased chloride will also be increased c. sodium decrease means chloride increase always d. chloride does not change with sodium

Answer 74

b

Question 75

Almost all cofactors are positive charges except for chloride which is the only? a. positively charged activator b. negatively charged activator c. neutral activator d. non electrolyte activator

Answer 75

b

Question 76

HYPERCHLOREMIA metabolic acidosis prolonged diarrhea mechanism? a. causes excretion of bicarbonate HCO3- causes increased chloride but low sodium b. causes retention of bicarbonate causes low chloride c. causes Na loss in sweat d. causes calcium to be free

Answer 76

a

Question 77

Any acidosis condition will? a. decrease chloride b. increase chloride c. increase calcium only d. decrease sodium only

Answer 77

b

Question 78

Diabetes insipidus DI polyuria low ADH leads to? a. increased sodium and chloride b. decreased sodium and chloride c. increased chloride only d. decreased chloride only

Answer 78

a

Question 79

Salicylate intoxication statement? a. increased salicylic acid = increased chloride b. increased salicylic acid = decreased chloride c. decreased salicylic acid = increased chloride d. no effect on chloride

Answer 79

a

Question 80

HYPOCHLOREMIA metabolic alkalosis prolonged vomiting statement? a. decreased HCl increases HCO3- b. increased HCl increases HCO3- c. decreased HCO3- increases HCl d. chloride shift increases HCl

Answer 80

a

Question 81

SPECIMEN CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHLORIDE anticoagulant of choice? a. EDTA b. lithium heparin c. citrate d. oxalate

Answer 81

b

Question 82

Low in postprandial specimen due to? a. alkaline tide b. chloride shift c. crenation d. granuloma formation

Answer 82

a

Question 83

Coulometric Amperometric Titration Cotlove chloridometer is? a. most commonly used b. most precise c. least precise d. used for phosphate

Answer 83

b

Question 84

Ion selective electrode ISE for chloride is? a. most precise b. most commonly used c. requires fasting always d. not used in lab

Answer 84

b

Question 85

CALCIUM distribution? a. 99% bones and 1% ECF Blood b. 80% bones 20% bone tissues <1% plasma c. 2% plasma 98% cells d. 90% total CO2

Answer 85

a

Question 86

Platelets have zeta potential and need positively charged like calcium to? a. chelate Na b. aggregate c. convert angiotensin I d. produce NADPH

Answer 86

b

Question 87

Forms of Calcium Ionized active calcium is? a. 10-15% b. 40% c. 45-50% d. 90%

Answer 87

c

Question 88

Most reliable indicator of calcium disorder? a. protein-bound calcium b. complexed with anions c. ionized active calcium d. carbonic acid

Answer 88

c

Question 89

Protein-bound mostly albumin calcium percent? a. 45-50% b. 40% c. 10-15% d. 99%

Answer 89

b

Question 90

Complexed with anions calcium percent? a. 10-15% b. 40% c. 45-50% d. 1%

Answer 90

a

Question 91

Vitamin D 1 25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol effect? a. decreases Ca b. increases Ca c. no effect on Ca d. chelates Ca

Answer 91

b

Question 92

PTH effect? a. decreases blood calcium b. increases blood calcium c. inhibits bone resorption d. promotes urinary excretion of calcium

Answer 92

b

Question 93

Calcitonin effect? a. increases blood calcium b. decreases blood calcium promotes urinary excretion of calcium c. decreases phosphate by renal excretion d. increases phosphate by decreasing renal excretion

Answer 93

b

Question 94

HYPERCALCEMIA main cause? a. milk alkali syndrome b. primary hyperparathyroidism c. fluoride poisoning d. multiple transfusion

Answer 94

b

Question 95

Acidosis causes hypercalcemia because? a. protein will not let go of calcium b. albumin has to let go of the Ca so it can bind to the H+ ions c. citrate chelates Ca d. fluoride chelates calcium

Answer 95

b

Question 96

Fluoride poisoning causes hypocalcemia because? a. fluoride chelates calcium b. calcium chelates fluoride c. aldosterone decreases Ca d. vitamin D increases Ca

Answer 96

a

Question 97

Multiple transfusion causes hypocalcemia because? a. blood bag contains citrate which chelates Ca b. blood bag contains EDTA which chelates Ca c. blood bag contains insulin d. blood bag contains chloride

Answer 97

a

Question 98

Alkalosis causes hypocalcemia because? a. albumin lets go of Ca b. protein will not let go of calcium c. ketone binds Na d. chloride shift stops

Answer 98

b

Question 99

Best sample for Total Calcium? a. heparinized plasma b. serum c. urine d. CSF

Answer 99

b

Question 100

Best sample for Ionized Calcium? a. serum b. heparinized plasma c. EDTA plasma d. postprandial serum

Answer 100

b

Question 101

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS distribution statement? a. 99% bones 1% ECF b. 80% bones 20% bone tissues <1% plasma c. 2% plasma only d. 90% total CO2

Answer 101

b

Question 102

Inorganic phosphorus is inversely proportional to? a. chloride entry b. calcium entry c. sodium entry d. bicarbonate entry

Answer 102

b

Question 103

Inorganic phosphorus is essential in? a. cardiac and neuromuscular excitability ion transport and cellular oxygenation b. thirst mechanism only c. granuloma formation only d. crenation only

Answer 103

a

Question 104

Inorganic phosphorus is an important constituent of all EXCEPT? a. ATP b. DNA and RNA c. NADPH d. carbonic acid

Answer 104

d

Question 105

Organic Phosphate is? a. principal anion within cells b. principal osmotic particle outside the cell c. major extracellular anion d. 2nd most abundant anion in ECF

Answer 105

a

Question 106

Inorganic Phosphate statement? a. part of the blood buffer most phosphate in serum is inorganic b. carbonic acid is an electrolyte c. only phosphate in serum is organic d. chloride is not excreted

Answer 106

a

Question 107

Factor affecting phosphate concentration most profound effect? a. growth hormone b. loss of regulation by the kidneys c. calcitonin d. albumin

Answer 107

b

Question 108

PTH effect on phosphate? a. increases phosphate absorption in intestine b. decreases phosphate by renal excretion most important factor c. inhibits PTH release d. decreases phosphate by bone resorption

Answer 108

b

Question 109

Growth Hormone effect on phosphate? a. decreases phosphate by renal excretion b. increases phosphate by decreasing renal excretion c. inhibits bone resorption d. inhibits PTH release

Answer 109

b

Question 110

Vitamin D effect on phosphate? a. increases both phosphate absorption in the intestine and reabsorption in the kidney b. decreases phosphate absorption and reabsorption c. inhibits PTH release d. decreases phosphate by renal excretion

Answer 110

a

Question 111

Fibroblast growth factor 23 FGF23? a. inhibits PTH release b. increases PTH release c. inhibits calcitonin d. increases growth hormone

Answer 111

a

Question 112

Fasting is required for phosphate because? a. high CHO diet can result in decreased levels b. high CHO diet can result in increased levels c. alkaline tide increases phosphate d. chloride shift decreases phosphate

Answer 112

a

Question 113

Fiske Subbarow Method is? a. ammonium molybdate method b. cotlove chloridometer c. karmen method d. cherry crandal

Answer 113

a

Question 114

MAGNESIUM is? a. intracellular cation 2nd to K+ b. major extracellular cation c. major extracellular anion d. 2nd most abundant anion

Answer 114

a

Question 115

Magnesium storage statement? a. majority is stored in the liver b. majority is stored in the bones c. majority is stored in sweat d. majority is stored in plasma

Answer 115

b

Question 116

Magnesium is the? a. 2nd most abundant anion b. 4th most abundant cation c. principal osmotic particle outside cell d. chief counter ion of sodium

Answer 116

b

Question 117

Magnesium functions include all EXCEPT? a. vasodilator and decrease uterine hyperactivity in eclampsic states b. increased uterine blood flow c. synthesis of CHO CHONS and lipids d. carbonic acid is not an electrolyte

Answer 117

d

Question 118

Magnesium regulates movement of potassium across? a. lungs b. myocardium c. spleen d. fallopian tubes

Answer 118

b

Question 119

BICARBONATE is? a. major extracellular anion b. 2nd most abundant anion in the ECF c. major intracellular cation d. chief counter ion of sodium

Answer 119

b

Question 120

Bicarbonate is 90% of the total CO2 at? a. physiologic pH b. pH 8.8 c. pH 7.2 d. pH 6.8

Answer 120

a

Question 121

Bicarbonate is part of the? a. chloride shift b. alkaline tide c. sodium potassium pump d. cotlove chloridometer

Answer 121

a

Question 122

Bicarbonate is a? a. blood buffer b. life threatening electrolyte list c. artefactual cause d. renal tubular disorder

Answer 122

a