What are the factors that influence urinary elimination? (8)
- Growth & Development
- Sociocultural Factors
- Psychological Factors
- Personal Habits
- Fluid Intake
- Pathological Conditions
- Surgical Procedures
- Diagnostic Examinations
These factors can affect the normal functioning of the urinary system.
What are the common alterations associated with urinary elimination? (3)
- Urinary Retention
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Urinary Incontinence
These conditions can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life and require appropriate nursing interventions.
What is urinary retention?
Inability to partially or completely empty the bladder
It can be diagnosed with Post-Void Residual (PVR) measurement.
What are the risk factors for urinary tract infections? (7)
- Presence of indwelling catheter
- Instrumentation of urinary tract
- Urinary retention
- Urinary or fecal incontinence
- Poor perineal hygiene
- Frequent sexual intercourse
- Uncircumcised patients
These factors increase the likelihood of developing urinary tract infections.
True or false: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) can be reasonably prevented.
TRUE
Focus on early recognition and prompt treatment to prevent CAUTIs.
What defines urinary incontinence?
Involuntary loss of urine
It can have several forms, including urgency, stress, and overflow.
What are the risk factors for urinary incontinence? (9)
- More common in women & elderly
- Obesity
- Multiple pregnancies/vaginal births
- Neurological disorders
- Medication therapy
- Confusion
- Dementia
- Immobility
- Depression
These factors contribute to the likelihood of experiencing urinary incontinence.
What should be assessed in a patient with urinary issues? (6)
- Understanding and expectations of treatment
- Ability to perform necessary behaviors associated with voiding
- Past medical & surgical history
- Medication use
- Normal bowel & urinary elimination patterns
- Pattern of urination
A comprehensive assessment is crucial for effective management.
What are the normal characteristics of urine?
- Color: Pale straw to amber
- Clarity: Transparent
- Odor: Odorless or slight ammonia smell
Abnormal characteristics may indicate underlying health issues.
What is the normal urine output per hour?
> 30 mls/hr
Concern arises if urine output is < 30 mls/hr for 2 hours.
What are the normal values for urine testing?
- pH: 4.6-8.0
- Protein: Up to 8mg/100ml
- Glucose: Negative
- Ketones: Negative
- Specific Gravity: 1.005-1.030
- RBC: Up to 2
- WBC: 0-4
- Bacteria: Negative
- Leukocyte esterase: Negative
- Casts: Negative
- Crystals: Negative
These values help assess kidney function and detect infections.
What are the types of urethral catheters? (6)
- Single lumen
- Indwelling catheter
- 3-way/3 lumen
- Coude tip
- Suprapubic
- External catheters
Each type serves different clinical needs and patient conditions.
What are the nursing problems related to urinary elimination? (8)
- Impaired Urinary Elimination
- Urinary Retention
- Incontinence
- Impaired Comfort or Pain
- Impaired Skin Integrity
- Knowledge Deficit
- Body Image Disturbance
- Risk for Infection
Identifying these problems is essential for effective nursing care.
What are some interventions for urinary retention? (5)
- Assess & monitor urine output
- Assess for bladder distention
- Assist patients to normal position for urination
- Encourage double voiding
- Intermittent catheterization
These interventions aim to promote effective bladder emptying.
What are the do’s for meticulous skin care in patients with urinary issues?
- Identify & treat early
- Use skin risk assessment tools
- Use appropriate skin barrier products
- Ensure adequate hydration
Proper skin care is crucial to prevent complications.
What is the post-catheter removal expectation for a patient?
Patient should void within 6-8 hours post-removal
Monitoring ability to void and empty is essential after catheter removal.
