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embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the pathway of spermatoza

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejactulatory duct

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2
Q

sprematiogenesis

A

spermatogonium( mitosis)-> primary spermatocyte(meiosis I)-> secondary spermatocyte(meiosis II)-> spermatid (spermiogenesis)-> spermatozoa

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3
Q

sperm head

A

nucleus, densely packed chromosomes

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4
Q

sperm tail

A

only flagellum present in the human body

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5
Q

sperm middle piece

A

mitochondira that produce ATP needed to move tail

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6
Q

sperm acrosome

A

-front third to two thirds of sperm head
-containes digestive enzymes that help to penetrate the zona pellucida during fertilization

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7
Q

acrosome fromation during spermatoenesis

A

golgi aparatus produce acrosomal vesicle, acrosomal cap, acrosome

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8
Q

follicular phase

A

preovulatory

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9
Q

luteal phase

A

postovulatory

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10
Q

what is the folicular fluid

A

hyaluronic acid

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11
Q

formaiton of ovum

A

mitosis of oogonium( before birth)-> primary oocyte( meiosis I after puberty)-> secondary oocyte (meiosis II completed only if fertilization occurs)-> ovulation in metaphase of meiosis II-> maturaiton of gamete-> ovum

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12
Q

what state is the pirmary oocyte arrested in until puberty

A

arrested in prophase of meiosis I

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13
Q

what happens to the primary oocyte during each menstrula cycle after puberty

A

meiosis I is completed in one oocyte per month
- due to unequal cytokyines one secondary oocyte gets most cytoplasm and polar body undergoes degratation

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14
Q

when is the secondary oocyte formed, when is the ovum formed

A

secondary oocyte formed after meiosis I is completed, just before ovulation (stuck in metaphase of meiosis II if no fertilization). Ovum is formed after meiosis II but only if fertilization has occured (meiois II can only complete if there is fertilization)

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15
Q

primoridal follicle pathway

A

-primordial follicle in egg nest
-primary follice
-secondary follicle
-tertiray/ graffian follicle
-ovulation
-corpeus leuteum
-corpus albicans

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16
Q

uterine tubes

A

-infundibulum
-ampulla
-isthmus

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17
Q

how wany hours after ovualation does fertilization occur

A

12-24 hours

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18
Q

perimetrium

A

-outermost layer of uterus
-provides protective covering
-continuous with visceral peritoneum for smooth movement of uterus

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19
Q

myometrium

A

-thick muscular middle layer
-powerful contraction during labour and pregnancy

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20
Q

endometrium

A

-innermost lining of uterus
-implantation and support of fetus

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21
Q

menses

A

-degradation of endometrium
-menstruation

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22
Q

proliferative phase

A

restoration of endometrium

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23
Q

secretory phase

A

-endometrial glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion

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24
Q

trophoblast invasion

A

-tightly regulated
-sub-optimal trophoblast invasion is shown in disease states such as:
-> pre-eclampsia
->intrauterine growth retardation

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25
cytotrophoblast
-inner layer -mononucleur layer that divide and contribute to outer layer
26
syncytiotrophoblast
-outer multinucleuated layer -invades uterine wall and helps establish placenta
27
what does the inner cell mass give rise to
the bi laminar disc
28
epiblast
gives rise to embryo
29
hypoblast
gives rise to extraembryonic structures
30
uteroplacental circulation
-after around 2 weeks -syncytiotrophoblast has begun forming lacunae( small spaces) that connect with maternal blood vessels, initiating uterplacental circulation( early form of nutrient + gas exchange)
31
what are carnegie stages based on
based on external and/or internal morphological developement of embryo ( not directly dependant on age/size)
32
how many carnegie stages are there
23
33
other crieteria of carnegie stages
-age in days -embryonic lenth -somites present
34
embryonic period
first 8 weeks
35
fetal period
remaining 30 weeks
36
daughter cells of cleavage
blastomeres
37
morula
solid cluster about 12-16 blastomeres ~72 hours
38
how long does the blastocyst float for
~3 days
39
what day does implantation occur
~day 6 -trophoblast erodes uterine wall -takes 1 week to complete
40
fluid filled sac from epiblast
amniotic sac
41
fluid filled sac from hypoblast
yolk sac
42
grastrulation
-invagination of epiblast cells 1. first wave-> endoderm 2. second wave-> mesoderm 3. remaining epiblast cells on surface-> ectoderm
43
on which surface of the epiblast does the primitive groove form
dorsal surface
44
what type of tissue are ectoderm and endoderm
epithelial tissue
45
what type of tissue is the mesoderm
mesenchyme tissue
46
splanchnic mesoderm
-visceral -apposed to endoderm
47
coelem between somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
will become serous avities of ventral body cavity ->peritoneal ->pericardial ->pleural
48
somatic mesoderm
-parietal -apposed to ectoderm
49
whyen does lateral and longitudal folding of the embryo occur
week 4
50
what does notochord give rise to
nucleus pulpous od interverterbal discs
51
somite-> sclerotome
vertebrae and ribs
52
somite-> dermatome
dermis of dorsal body organs
53
somite-> myotome
trunk and limb musculature
54
what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to
-kidneys -gonads
55
lateral plate mesoderm- somatic mesoderm
-parietal serosa -dermis of ventral body region -connective tissues of limbs (bones, joints, ligaments)
56
lateral plate mesoderm- splanchnic mesoderm
-wall of digestive and respiratory tract (except epithelial lining) -visceral serosa -heart -blood vessels
57
congenital abnormalaites
-small DNA mutataion: individual/few genes -2 expections( large): -trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) -trisomy 18( Edwards synfrome) -trisomry9,13,15 also
58
maternal derived abnormalities
-lifestyle, nutrition, envirnoment
59
impact of excess alchol on fetal dev
fetal alchol syndrome
60
viral infection at critical stage of dev effect
rubella
61
inadequate dietary folate intake
neural tube defects
62
effects of prescription drugs
thalidomide- limb dev
63
maternal endocrine function
thyroid dev
64
teratogen
any agent that causes a structural abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy
65
absolute risk
rate of occurence of an abnormal phenotype among individuals exposed to the agent ( eg:fetal alchol syndrome)
66
relative risk
ratio of rate of condition among the exposed and the nonexposed (smoking risk on child)
67
rare condition effect on absoulte and relative risk
is the relative risk if high, absolute risk may be low
68
where does spermatogenesis occur
seminiferous tubules
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