Emotion

Question 1

EMOTION

Answer 1

• “… strong feeling deriving from one’s circumstances/mood/relationships; instinctive/intuitive feeling as distinguished from reasoning/knowledge…”

Question 2

STAGES OF EMOTIONAL PROCESSING

Answer 2

PHILLIPS et al (2003):

• regulation = regulation of the affective state
• affective state production (emotion-feeling-mood = duration)
• appraisal = identification of the emotional significance of a stimuli
• stimulus presentation

Question 3

CROSS-SPECIES

Answer 3

DARWIN (1872)
- similarities of anger between dogs, swans and humans; ruffled body features and tensed face to bare teeth repeated across species
DR LISA PARR
- chimps make similar faces of excitement when playing/tickling, and also smile to appease their friend and show lack of aggression afterwards; easily comparable to respective human expressions

Question 4

CROSS-CULTURE

Answer 4

EKMAN & FRIESEN (1971/1972)

• basic emotions (ie. joy, anger, disgust, sadness, fear) are universal across cultures, ie:
• her friends have come; she is happy
• his mother had dies; he feels sad
• he is angry; he is about to fight
• she is surprised; she is looking at something new
• he is disgusted; he smells something bad
• tribe members w/no social interactions were asked to show faces of joy/sadness etc.; same as ours
• BUT display rules are culture-specific

Question 5

INDIVIDUAL FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS

Answer 5

• expressions change in-taken info ie.
  fear = eyes widen = helps detect a threat
  disgust = eyes/nose wrinkle = avoids ingesting contamination
  OATLEY & JOHNSON-LAIRD (1987)
• emotions adapt beh to achieve goals ie.
  joy = goals achieved = continue w/plan
  sadness = failure of goal = search for new plan
  anxiety = self-preservation threatened = vigilantly attend to environment/escape
  anger = goal frustrated = aggress/try harder
  disgust = goal violated = reject substance/withdraw

Question 6

GENDER DISPLAY RULES

Answer 6

• kids taught to behave according to norms/stereotypes:
  girls = cooperative/nice/friendly/smile
  boys = manly/strong/angry/controlled
  BBC 2 STUDY
• boys = overconfident; struggled w/emotions other than anger

Question 7

CULTURAL DISPLAY RULES

Answer 7

• smiling is not culturally universal; smiling people are culturally-influenced rather than related to happiness level in life
• smiling common = USA; smiling uncommon = Japan via “less average emotional expression”

Question 8

NATURE

Answer 8

JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
- facial expressions are hard-wired/innate, not culturally learned; blind athletes express the same sadness after losing a match as sighted athletes; nigh perfect correlation suggests genetic resident source of facial expression
GIL et al (2011)
- 6w infants; sadness/joy already distinguish themselves via reflexes; show social-communicative functions for infant-parent interaction vital in caretaker communication
PARRY (2011)
- feti show expressions increasingly complex over time

Question 9

CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS

Answer 9

SCHNEIRLA (1959)
- single dual-system theories categorise emotions via approach/withdrawal
GRAY (1970/1980)
- behavioural approach (reward); inhibition systems (punishment/distinct brain circuits)
DAVIDSON
- valence-asymmetry hypothesis left-sided prefrontal cortex = approach-related (positive) goals
- right-sided PFC = goals requiring inhibition/withdrawal (negative)

Question 10

CIRCUMPLEX MODEL

Answer 10

RUSSEL (1980)
valence = positive/negative
arousal = dull/intense  
- sadness = dull/negative
- anger = intense/negative

Question 11

THE ROLE OF EMOTION EXPRESSION

Answer 11

EKMAN et al (1980)

• do facial expressions reflect emotional experience?
• pps watched movies while expressions videotaped
• self-reported subjective experiences (ie. emotions, intensity, etc.)
• expressions codes via FACS (Facial Action Coding System)
• pps who showed particular smile movements (action unit 12) reported more joy; respective for sadness

Question 12

MEASURING EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS

Answer 12

EKMAN & FRIESEN (1978)
- developed FACS (Face Action Coding System)
- “Pan Am” smile = doesn’t meet the eyes
- “Duchenne” smile = overexaggerated
KUNECKE et al (2014)
- facial EMG measures subtle activity in corrugator (frown) and zygomatic (smile) muscles
- EMG positively correlated w/emotion perception ability; shows gender difs (fem > male)

Question 13

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS

Answer 13

• wide fearful eyes = threat signal; white of eye helps quickly direct attention to gaze location
• joy/anger = reinforcers (3m)
• sadness = elicits caregiving
• basically think Inside Out lmao

Question 14

SOCIAL CONTEXT

Answer 14

FRIDLUND (1991)

• pps saw pleasant video; 4c: alone/alone but thinking a friend was near/alone but thinking a friend was also watching the tape/with friend
• EMG measured smiling; increased w/sociability but not as function of self-reported emotion
• argues facial expressions communicate motives rather than emotional states

Question 15

CONTEXTUAL INTENSITY

Answer 15

HESS et al (1995)

• similar paradigm of Fridlund (1991) but varied intensity (ie. funny VS slightly funny) + relationship (ie. friend VS stranger) of other pp
• measured EMG/skin conductance/self-report
• intensity of smiling affected by sociality of context but more strongly by film funniness
• context + internal emotion play a role BUT effects emerge only w/friends not strangers
• so emotion expression is influenced by state/context/relationship w/audience

Question 16

JAMES-LANGE THEORY

Answer 16

JAMES (1885)

• emotions = sets of bodily responses that occur in response to emotive stimuli
• dif bodily change patterns code dif emotions
• “… the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and our feeling of the changes as they occur is the emotion…”

Question 17

HEART-RATE

Answer 17

CRITCHLEY et al (2005)

• facial expressions can be differentiated bases on evoked heart rate response
• HR for correctly identified sad/angry faces > happy/disgusted
• disgust mis-identified as anger/sadness evoked HR changes more typical of sadness/anger than disgust as predicted by James-Lange Theory

Question 18

BARD THEORY

Answer 18

CANNON (1920s)

• argued against James-Lange Theory:
  1. emotions occurred even if brain disconnected from viscera (internal organs) BUT less intense
  2. bodily changes = unspecific to emotions/too slow BUT are partly
  3. stimulation of bodily change doesn’t give emotions BUT CCL = panic
• so emotions depend on brain mechanisms

Question 19

THE 2-FACTOR THEORY

Answer 19

SCHACHTER & SINGER (1962)

• gave misinformed pps adrenaline; resulting arousal/emotions interpreted based on contextual cues (via stooges)
• emotion is a function of both cognitive factors (ie. appraisal) + physiological arousal
• “… people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label/interpret unexplained physiological arousal…”

Question 20

APPRAISAL

Answer 20

LAZARUS (1991)

• relational meaning rooted in appraisal
• emotions AREN’T cased by environmental events/intra-psychic factors in person BUT by person-environment relationships changing w/time/circumstances (ie. “what does this event mean to me?”)

Question 21

THE EMOTIONAL BRAIN

Answer 21

• cingulate gyrus
• septum
• fornix
• hippocampus
• mammillary body
• amygdala
• hypothalamus
• olfactory bulb

Question 22

PAPEZ NEURAL CIRCUIT OF EMOTION (1937)

Answer 22

emotional stimuli -> thalamus -> hypothalamus (feeling) -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate cortex (feeling) -> hippocampus -> hypothalamus -> bodily response

Question 23

AMYGDALA

Answer 23

• important; can cut brain in half via it
• KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME: lesions in monkeys = social beh changes ie. hyper-orality/social disinhibition/emotional motor + vocal reaction absence
• lesions in humans = emotional blunting/reduced fear conditioning/impaired perception of fearful faces
• electrical stimulation = autonomic reactions associated w/fear
  CALDER et al (2001)
• functional MRI studies = activated in response to emotional faces (mostly fear)

Question 24

AMYGDALA X GENES

Answer 24

• genes influence brain’s negative emotion immediate/long-term reactions
  HARIRI et al (2005)
• L/L carriers had lower right-amygdala reactions to negative faces than s carriers
• for long-term, see CASPI et al (2003) in NVSN

Question 25

MAJOR DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS

Answer 25

``` MOOD - anxiety/helplessness - hopelessness/low self-esteem/pleasure/confidence - suicidality - guilt PSYCHOTIC - nihilistic delusions (ie. death/destruction) COG/BIO - poor sleep/appetite/concentration - reduced libido/energy/motivation ```

Question 26

EMOTIONAL RECOGNITION IN DEPRESSIVES

Answer 26

- patients w/anxiety/depression often show subtle changes in sensitivity to emotional expression (emotional bias) ie. less sensitive to positive faces; more to negative (negative emotional bias) SURGULADZE et al (2003) - compared w/healthy people, depressives = less likely to say a mildly happy face is happy - aka. less sensitive to positive stimuli

Question 27

AMYGDALA X DEPRESSION

Answer 27

SHELINE et al (2001) - more left amygdala responses to negative faces compared to controls - antidepressants lower amygdala response to negative faces (8w SSRI) - question of which came first (ie. response/depression) HARMER et al (2006) - healthy pps given 7d antidepressants; lower recognition of negative emotion expressions - antidepressants lower amygdala response to fear faces in healthy people

Question 28

INSULA CORTEX X DISGUST

Answer 28

- animal studies = conditioned taste aversion in rats MATAIX-COLS et al (2004) - OCD; elevated disgust associated w/washing symptoms PENFIELD - human stimulation = perception of unpleasant tastes/nausea/salivation/swallowing - human lesion = decreased subjective experience/recognition of disgust (ie. patient NK)

Question 29

DISCRETE VS DIMENSIONAL EMOTIONS VIA BRAIN IMAGING

Answer 29

``` arousal = amygdala valence = orbitofrontal cortex happiness = dorsal anterior cingulate sadness = subgenual anterior cingulate fear = amygdala anger = orbitofrontal cortex disgust = anterior insula ```