Cognition, Emotion & Development > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

(16 cards)

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1
Q

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

A
  • understanding cognition via beh evidence
  • beh data = importance within cog neuroscience/neuropsychology
  • influence in psych = enormous
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2
Q

COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

A
  • studying brain-damaged patients to understand normal cog
  • originally closely linked to cog psych
  • recently liked to cog neuro
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3
Q

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

A
  • evidence from beh/brain to understand human cog
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4
Q

COMPUTATIONAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE

A
  • developing computational models to further understanding of human cog
  • models increasingly took account of our knowledge of beh/brain
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5
Q

ENERGY TO NEURAL SIGNAL

A

THE WORLD - ATTENTION - CONSCIOUS:
TRANSDUCTION
- transforming energy from the outside world into neural signal (firing of neurons)
SENSATION
- picking up that raw signal from the outside
PERCEPTION
- recognising what that signal means (ie. seeing a ball rather than a round blob)

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6
Q

ASPECTS OF THE EYE

A
  • pupil
  • cornea
  • lens
  • fovea
  • optic nerve (fibres)
  • photoreceptors
  • retina
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7
Q

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

A
  • knowledge -> expectation -> culture -> experience -> memories
    SPEECH SEGMENTATION
  • language speakers hear when a word ends/another begins despite input = continuous sound stream
  • knowledge creates perception of individual words
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8
Q

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

A
  • taste -> smell -> touch -> hearing -> sight -> sensory input
    PAIN PERCEPTION
  • influenced by placebo
  • expectation for pain reduction = refocusing of attention to others = pain reduction
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9
Q

THEORIES OF OBJECT PERCEPTION

A
  • objects seen in 3D world; illusion shows we don’t see 2D shapes
    HELMHOLTZ’S THEORY OF UNCONSCIOUS INFERENCE
  • particular pattern of activation in the retina can be caused via a range of objects
    LIKELIHOOD PRINCIPLE
  • we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused a pattern
  • results from unconscious assumptions (inferences) that we make about the environment; happens automatically
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10
Q

THE GESTALT PRINCIPLES (GROUPING)

A
  • environment grouped into belonging bits of entity/object; next step = brain figures out what it is/characteristics making it part of a category
    1. LAW OF SIMILARITY
    2. LAW OF PRAGNANZ
    3. LAW OF PROXIMITY
    4. LAW OF CONTINUITY
    5. LAW OF CLOSURE
    6. LAW OF COMMON FATE
  • humans perceive visual elements moving at same speed/direction as single stimulus parts
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11
Q

MONOCULAR CUES OF DEPTH

A

RELATIVE SIZE
- small person perceived as further away; distance taken into account for size perception
INTERPOSITION
- overlapped object seems further away
LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
- parallel lines converging in distance seen as further (ie. railway lines)
ARIAL PERSPECTIVE
- distant items (ie. mountains) seem blue/blurry due to light in atmosphere; closer/sharper on clear days
LIGHT/SHADE
- light from above; perspective changes when image seen upside-down
MONOCULAR MOVEMENT PARALLAX
- head movement = close objects move fast; far = slow

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12
Q

WHY TWO EYES?

A

CONVERGENCE
- overlapping visual fields enable stereoscopic visions via blending slightly dissimilar object views
- allows us to see farther into distance w/higher resolution
BINOCULAR DISPARITY

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13
Q

INTERACTION OF PERCEPTION/ACTION

A

HELD & HEIN (1963)

  • all active kittens developed visually guided paw placement response after 63 sessions; no passive (in box) kittens passed
  • active kittens avoided deep glass cliff end; passives went randomly to deep/shallow sides
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14
Q

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES

A
  • cultural influences = environment/education/cultural history/language
    SEGALL, CAMPBELL & HERSKOVITS (1963)
  • Western cultures more susceptible to Muller-Lyer illusion/Sander parallelogram against rural Africa/Philippines
  • urban environments w/more rectangular shapes more prone to mistake lines as depth cues for distance
  • rural = more flat terrain/actual distance
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15
Q

ATTENTIONAL BLINK PARADIGM IN CULTURE STUDY

A

MAYER & RAHMANN (2018)

  • second stimuli = difficult process
  • Greek/Russian pps better discriminating dark blue light (no green dif) than German pps (same green/blue perf)
  • light/dark blue = dif words in Greek/Russian
  • native language influences our perception
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16
Q

SYNESTHESIA

Study These Flashcards
A
  • crossover in sensory modalities

- when given stimulation in one sensory modality, another is simultaneously activated = bleeding of senses

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