Emotional Expression

Question 1

Ekman’s neocultural “Theory” 4 facets

Answer 1

• elicitors
• facial affect program*
• display rules
• behavioral consequences

Question 2

elicitors

Answer 2

environmental factors that produce the emotional state (ex: scorpion)

Question 3

facial affect program*

Answer 3

brain function that triggers facial muscles

Question 4

display rules

Answer 4

cultural, personal, situational factors that modify the conditions that elicit emotion or its expression
(ex: different cultures funerals) (ex: miss america, 2 people)

Question 5

behavioral consequences

Answer 5

nonverbal and verbal signs of emotion, physiological arousal, etc.

Question 6

functions of display rules (4)

Answer 6

• intensify
• attenuate
• neutralize (e.g. poker face)
• mask (e.g. Miss America, act happy for winner)

Question 7

universal displays of facial affect study

Answer 7

• studied photos of olympic medal winners
• gold medal winners displayed Duchenne smile
• most silver metal winners displayed sadness, sadness-smile blend, forced smiles, or contempt
• regardless of culture of athlete
• smile and frowns are innate, not learned

Question 8

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 8

• external facial displays affect internal emotional state (darwin)
• intense posing and concealment of pain from shock
• physiological response is diminished by attempts to conceal (don’t feel)
• spontaneous vs. posed (+) and (-) facial expressions (1982, on d2l)

Question 9

effects of Duchenne smile on the experience of emotion

Answer 9

• 4 conditions: control, lips pressing, non-Duchenne smile, Duchenne smile
• “study on physically handicapped”
• manipulate objects with mouth (on d2l)
• watched emotion eliciting videos
• Ss in the Duchenne smile condition reported more positive experience when viewing pleasant scenes and cartoons

Question 10

more facial feedback…

Answer 10

• Mori and Mori 2009, adhesive bandages on people’s cheeks connected to rubber bands
• people were happier when their cheeks were lifted (smile)
• Dimberg, 2011) people taught to react with smile or frown when exposed to different stimuli.
• participants rated the stimuli higher in pleasantness in the smile condition compared to the frown condition

Question 11

developmental issues in the encoding of emotion

Answer 11

• infant facial muscles capable of assuming many expressions
• imitation (even in pre term infants)
• judges can correctly identify models facial display based on facial reaction of infant
• smile, sad present at birth, fear, anger, surprise, come later
• infants don’t show matching on sadness

Question 12

personality differences in the encoding of emotion

Answer 12

• differences in expressivity
• low expressive=internalizer
• high expressive=externalizer (e.g. mob wive)
• internalizers are more physiologically aroused
• externalizers are less physiologically aroused

Question 13

Channels and specific emotions

Answer 13

• communicate different emotional states to a life sized, human like mannequin dressed in tshirt and sweats
• people use different channels for different emotions
• TOUCH: most with love or sympathy, least with guilt, shame, anger, disgust, or fear
• FACE and BODY: used in most emotions except for love or sympathy
• SHAME and ANGER: used mostly through body POSTURE

Question 14

relationship between encoding and decoding

Answer 14

• significant association between encoding PURPOSEFUL and INTENTIONAL displays of emotion and emotional decoding skills exam
• no association between encoding SPONTANEOUS naturalistic displays of emotion and decoding skills
• nonverbal decoding skills are associated with what people CAN do emotionally more than what they ACTUALLY do.