Regulation

Question 1

the turn taking system factoids

Answer 1

• 50% of all turns that occur in conversations are smooth
• a “smooth turn transition” occurs when the floor switches from Person A to Person B without a perceptible pause
• these turn transitions occur in less than 250 ms

Question 2

2 speaker behaviors

Answer 2

• turn yielding cues

- turn holding cues

Question 3

2 listener behaviors

Answer 3

• backchannel comm.

- turn requesting cues

Question 4

simultaneous turns

Answer 4

when both participants claim speaking turn at the same time (ex: Fox News)

Question 5

simultaneous talk

Answer 5

-both speakers are making utterances at the same time (but not always trying to take the floor)

Question 6

simultaneous turns occur when

Answer 6

1. the listener attempts to take a turn in the absence of a turn yielding cue or
2. the speaker emits a turn yielding cue but continues to talk

Question 7

turn yielding cues (6) (speaker)

Answer 7

-change in intonation (drop or rise)
-sociocentric sequence (Bernstein, 1962) ex: “ya know?”
-drawl
-termination of gestures
-drop in loudness
-completion of a grammatical clause
(Green light)

Question 8

turn holding cues (3) (speaker)

Answer 8

• maintenance of active gaze
• gaze initiation without a yielding cue
• gesture

Question 9

turn requesting cues (6) (listener)

Answer 9

• backchannels (according to Wiemann)-utterances “uh” “yeah” “sure”, not taking floor
• speaker directed gaze
• audible inhalation (take a audible breathe)
• forward lean
• gesture (raising hand)
• a stutter start (ex: Austin Powers)

Question 10

backchannels (5) (listener)

Answer 10

• listeners participate in convo via backchannels (i.e. brief gestures, vocalizations, head nods, etc)
• backchannel elicited in “gaze window”
• backchannels do not constitute a turn or claim to one
• backchannels are used to AVOID taking the floor
• backchannels are also elicited by: sentence completions, request for clarification, and restatement

Question 11

definitions of interruptions

Answer 11

• to take the floor in absence of turn yielding cues
• different from simultaneous speech**
• attempted v. successful interruptions (volume)

Question 12

responses to interruptions

Answer 12

• people attempt to maintain the floor after an attempted interruption by increasing loudness
• success depends upon giving out the lowest number of turn yielding cues and the most turn requesting cues
• interruptions are commonly followed by interruptions

Question 13

sex differences in interruptions?

Answer 13

• men do not interrupt any more than women did in general
• women do not get interrupted anymore than men in general
• there were more opposite sex interruptions, both M>F and F>M than same sex
• women smiled, agreed, nodded, laughed more in response to interruption than men.
• this shows evidence of a greater attempt to facilitate the flow of conversation

Question 14

interruptions and status perceptions

Answer 14

• people who interrupt are perceived as having higher status than people who are interrupted
• people who get interrupted rated themselves as less influential in convos
• interrupters, esp. female, are perceived as less likable
• dilemma: interrupting produces perceptions of higher status but lower likability

Question 15

deep and/or intrusive interruptions

Answer 15

• more aggressive

- threaten the “territory” of the speaker by means of topic-changing, floor taking, or disagreement

Question 16

supportive interruptions

Answer 16

people interrupt to express agreement with the speaker

Question 17

Gnisi et al (2012)

Answer 17

• found that disagreeing interruptions were viewed POSITIVELY (shows engagement in convo/respect)
• supportive interruptions viewed positively
• change subject interruptions viewed negatively, especially when frequent
• same subject interruptions not viewed as very noxious unless they were frequent

Question 18

patient satisfaction

Answer 18

-neg. associated with intrusive interruptions but positively associated with supportive interruptions from physician (2008)