Emulsifying agents

Question 1

What types of anionic emulsifying agents do you know?

O/W

Answer 1

1. Alkali metal ammonium soaps
   
   • sodium serate
   • potassium laurate
2. Organic soaps
   
   • triethanolamine stearate (triethanolamine + stearic acid)
3. Sulphated and sulphonated compounds
   
   • sodium lauryl sulphate
   • sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate

Question 2

What types of anionic emulsifying agents do you know?

W/O

Answer 2

• Divalent and trivalent metal soals
  
  • oleic acid + calcium hydroxide (calcium oleate)

Question 3

What types of cationic emulsifying agents do you know?

Answer 3

Cetyl trimethylammonium bromite

aka cetrimid

weak o/w agent

Question 4

what types of non ionic emulsifying agents do you know

w/o

Answer 4

sorbitan esters

span 20,40,60 and 80

Question 5

What types of non-ionic emulsifying agents do you know?

o/w

Answer 5

1. Polysorbates
   
   • Tween 20,40,60 and 80
2. Fatty alcohol polyglycol esters
   
   • polyethylene glycol monocetyl ether
3. Fatty acid polyglycol esters
   
   • polyoxyl stearates (polyethylene 40 stearate)
4. Poloxalcohols
   
   • poloxamer 401
5. higher fatty alcohols
   
   • hexadecyl(cetyl) and octadecyl(stearyl) alcohols

Question 6

Agetns for O/W emulsions

Answer 6

• Sodium stearate
• potassium laurate
• triethanolamine stearate
• sodium lauryl sulphase
• sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate
• cetyl trimthylammonium bromide

Tweens

• Polyethylene glycol monocetyl ether
• polyoxyl stearates
• Poloxamer 401

lecin

Question 7

agents that form W/o emulsions

Answer 7

• calcium oleate (oleic acid + Calcium hydroxide)
• glyerol monostearate
• Spans

Question 8

naturally occuring emulsifying agents

Answer 8

acacia: o/w
methylcellulose: o/w
lenoline: w/o

Question 9

preservates for water vs oil phase

Answer 9

Often lipid and water soluble preservatives are combined:

• methylparabens (waterphase) and propylparabens (oilphase)

Question 10

Describe Humectants

Answer 10

• compounds capable of absorbing water from air
• used to reduce evaporation of water phase (preent drying)
  ex: propylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol

Question 11

List a few frequently used preservatives

Answer 11

benzoic acid, parabens, chlorocresol
quaternary ammonium compounds
organic mercurial compounds (phenylmercuric nitrate, thimerosal)